and Linnaeus retained the classic name of 

 Ida, with which it was associated by Dios- 

 corides. It was called in Greek Batos 

 Idaia, and in Latin Rubus Idcea, the Bram- 

 ble of Mount Ida. The generic name of 

 Rubus is from the Celtic rub, red. The 

 fruit is called in German Hindbeer or 

 Himbeer, in Dutch Braamboos, and in Da- 

 nish Hindebar. Gerarde calls it Raspis or 

 Hindberry ; in Scotland the plants and 

 fruits are called Rasps very generally, 

 doubtless from the roughness of the stems; 

 but it is also known by the older Saxon or 

 German name of Hindbeer in some parts, 

 and that is used by the Ettrick Shepherd : 



'Twas only to hear the yorling sing, 

 And pu' the crawflower round the spring, 

 The scarlet hep and the hindberrie, 

 And the nut that hang frae the hazel tree, 

 Nor Kilmenie was pure as pure could be. 



The Raspberry is much employed by cooks 

 and confectioners in various ways, and 

 also in the manufacture of liqueurs. It 

 has a peculiarly rich aroma, and in this 

 respect none of the many varieties exceeds 

 the Red Antwerp ; some others are larger, 

 but inversely in proportion to their size 

 they are deficient in aroma. [R. T.] 



It is well known that the barren shoots 

 of most of our British Rubi, from being 

 too flexile to keep upright, bend down- 

 wards even from the hedges and thickets 

 and root their ends in the soil, thus fol- 

 lowing that mode of increase which in 

 the strawberry is effected by the scion. 

 The loop thus formed was formerly an 

 object of occasional search, being reputed 

 in some counties (and we have known it 

 so in Gloucestershire) as capable of curing 

 hernia or rupture when used aright, to 

 which end the afflicted child is passed 

 backwards and forwards through the arch- 

 ing bramble. The origin of this custom 

 it is difficult to make out ; but, as is re- 

 marked in Notes and Queries, the passing 

 of children through holes in the earth, 

 rocks, and trees, once an established rite, 

 is still practised in various parts of Corn- 

 wall. Children affected with hernia are 

 still passed through a slit in an ash sapling 

 before sunrise, fasting ; after which the 

 slit portions are bound up, and as they 

 unite so the malady is cured. 



It would appear that in Cornwall the 

 bramble-cure is only employed for boils, 

 the sufferer being either dragged or made 

 to crawl beneath the rooted shoot. 



"We have heard of cows that were said 

 to be mouse-crope, or to have been walked 

 over by a shrew-mouse (an ancient way of 

 accounting for paralysis), being dragged 

 through the bramble-loop, in which case, 

 if the creature could wait the time of find- 

 ing a loop large enough and suffer the drag- 

 ging process at the end, we should say the 

 case would not be so hopeless as that of 

 our friend's fat pig, who, when she was 

 ailing, 'had a mind to kill her to make 

 sure on her.' [J. B.] 



RUBY-WOOD. The Red Sanders wood 

 of commerce, produced by Pterocarpus 

 santalinus. 



RUCKERIA. A genus of stemless Cape 

 herbs belonging to the thistle group of 

 the Compositor, and somewhat intermediate 

 in character between Othonna and Euryops, 

 differing from the former in the pappus 

 being alike in the ray and disk-florets, and 

 from the latter in the sterile disk-florets 

 having undivided stigmas. The leaves, 

 which arise from the somewhatwoodycollar 

 of the plant, are pinnately-parted with li- 

 near segments, and the rayed flower-head is 

 single on the apex of a naked flower-stalk. 

 R. tagetoides takes its name from its out- 

 ward resemblance to some French mari- 

 golds. The cup-shaped involucre consists 

 of a single series of oblong pointed scales ; 

 the strap-shaped ray-florets are fertile; 

 the disk-florets tubular and sterile (rarely 

 perfect) ; and the woolly pappus consists 

 of many series of loosely-bearded white 

 hairs. The three known species ai e rather 

 showy plants. [A. A. B.] 



RUDBECKIA. A well-known North 

 American genus of herbaceous plants be- 

 longing to the Composite, and nearly re- 

 lated to Eelianthus, from which they may 

 be recognised by the cone-shaped instead 

 of flat receptacle on which the florets are 

 seated ; and from other of their allies by 

 their four-sided achenes, which are either 

 naked or furnished with a minute crown- 

 shaped pappus, and embraced by the boat- 

 shaped chaffy scales of the receptacle. 

 From among the fifteen known species, 

 at least seven have been cultivated in 

 gardens. R. laciniata, very common in 

 herbaceous borders, is a smooth branching 

 plant four to eight feet high, the lower 

 leaves pinnately parted, while those of the 

 stem are three or five-parted, with ovate 

 or lance-shaped toothed segments. The 

 yellow-rayed flower-heads have drooping 

 rays, neutral, and in a single series ; and 

 the tubular and perfect disk-florets are 

 of a greenish-yellow colour. R. hirta is 

 clothed throughout with rough hairs, the 

 stems slightly branched, one to three feet 

 high, the lower leaves spathulate three- 

 nerved, and the upper ones ovate or lance- 

 shaped and sessile, while the handsome 

 flower-heads with bright-yellow rays and a 

 dark-purple disk are borne on the naked 

 summits of the branches. Both are Cana- 

 dian as well as United States plants. The 

 species are desirable and suitable for 

 planting in flower-borders. Linnaeus named 

 the genus after the Professors Rudbeck, 

 father and son, who were his predecessors 

 at Upsal. [A. A. B.] 



RUDDES. Calendula officinalis; also 



Chrysanthemum segetum. 



RUDERALIS. Growing among rubbish, 

 or in waste places. 



RUDGEA. A genus of Cinchonacea, con- 

 sisting of trees or shrubs, natives of Gui- 

 ana, with greyish hairy branches, large 

 fringed deciduous stipules, and flowers in 

 dense terminal panicles. The limb of the 

 calyx is divided into five sharp segments ; 

 corolla funnel-shaped, with an elongated 

 tube, and a limb divided into five narrow 



