1123 



Ctje Erea£urg at Matxng. 



[tape 



style elongated, -with a capitate somewhat 

 trilobed stigma ; and the fruit ovate-com- 

 pressed, enclosed within the unchanged 

 calyx. [J. T. S.J 



TANG, or TANGLE. The common name 

 of Laminaria digitata. The Orkney kelp- 

 men give this name exclusively to the 

 narrow-fronded variety, while the ordinary 

 form is called Cuvy. — , BLACK. Fucas 

 vesiculosus. [M. J. BJ 



TANGHADI. Cassia auriculata, the hark 

 of which is used for tanning in India. 

 TANGHIN. Tangliinia. 



TANGHINIA. The custom of trial hy 

 ordeal, in the unerring efficacy of which 

 our own ancestors were strong helievers, 

 is now confined to a few of the most savage 

 nations of the world, though even among 

 them it is gradually dying away before the 



Tang-hinia venenifera. 



advancing steps of civilisation. In Mada- 

 gascar the natives formerly placed the 

 most unlimited confidence in the poisonous 

 seed of the Tangbm as an infallible de- 

 tector of guilt, its use having descended 

 to them from the remotest antiquity. This 

 Taughin or Tanquen is the only plant be- 

 longing to a genus which botanists have 

 named TangMnia, one of the Apocynacea, 

 and confined to Madagascar. The species, 

 T. venenifera, is a tree, with smooth alter- 

 nate lance-shaped thickish leaves, about 

 six inches in length, clustered towards 

 the points of the branches and directed 

 upwards ; it bears large terminal cymes of 

 flowers, each supported by a couple of 

 bracts, and having a spreading five-parted 

 calyx without glands, a salver-shaped co- 

 rollawith rose-coloured lobes, and a green, 

 funnel-shaped tube hairy inside and closed 

 at the mouth by five greenish scales; the 

 stamens being inserted into the upper or 

 wide part of the tube, with a roundish 

 tubercle under each ; and a double ovary 

 with a long style and thick stigma bearing 

 two tubercles at the top. In general only 

 one of the ovnrie3 comes to perfection, 



forming an ellipsoid fruit between two 

 and three inches long, somewhat pointed 

 at the ends, and having a smooth purplish 

 skin tinged with green, containing a hard 

 stone surrounded by a thick fibrous flesh. 

 The portion used as an ordeal is the seed, 

 which is pounded, and a small piece is 

 swallowed by each person to be tried : 

 those in whom it causes vomiting escape, 

 but to those whose stomachs retain it it 

 is quickly fatal, and their guilt is then 

 held to be proven. [A. S.] 



TANGLE. Laminaria digitata and L. 

 saccharina. — , BLUE. An American name 

 for Gaylussacia frondosa. 



TANIERS. The Blue Eddos or Nut Ed- 

 dos, Caladium sagittafolium. 



TANNIN. The astringent tanning prin- 

 ciple or impure tannic acid of the bark or 

 galls of the oak and other trees, and of 

 other vegetable substances. 



TANQUEN. Tangliinia. 



TANROUGE. (Fr.) Weinmannia. 



TANSY. Tanacetumvulgare. — , GOOSE. 

 Poteniilla Anserina. — , WILD. Potent ilia 

 Anserina ; also Ambrosia artemisicefolia. 



TAPEINANTHUS humilis constitutes a 

 small pancratiform genus of Amaryllida- 

 cece. It was formerly known as Pancra- 

 tium humile, and is a native of Spain. It 

 has a short scape rising in autumn before 

 the leaves, and bearing two yellow flowers 

 with ovate-oblong segments, a short cup, 

 long diverging filaments, an erect style, 

 and an obtuse stigma. [T. M.] 



TAPEINOSTEMON (sometimes but erro- 

 neously spelt Topeinostemon) is the name 

 given to a genus of Brazilian herbs of the 

 family Gentianacece. The species are 

 branched annuals, with many-flowered 

 cymes ; calyx small, five-parted ; corolla 

 somewhat funnel-shaped ; stamens five, 

 inserted into the base of the tube of the 

 corolla, the anthers unchanging, concealed 

 within the corolla ; ovary partly two-celled; 

 stigma short, divided into two plates. The 

 fruit is a capsule much longer than the 

 calyx, and partially four-celled. [M. T. MJ 



TAPEINOTES. The few species of 

 Brazilian Ges?ieracece which form this genus 

 are little soft fleshy herbaceous plants, 

 with simple or branched stems risingfrom 

 small underground tubers ; their leaves 

 are on stalks opposite each other; and their 

 small whitish flowers are borne singly, or 

 sometimes two together, on solitary or 

 twin flower-stalks springing from the leaf- 

 axils. The genus is closely allied to Nema- 

 tanthus, the principal distinction between 

 the two genera residing in the shape of 

 the corolla; that of the present having the 

 tube narrow at the base, but suddenly en- 

 larged, particularly on the lower side, into 

 a nearly globose shape, and again drawn 

 in towards the orifice, the limb beinu: erect 

 and two-lipped. The calyx is free and un- 

 equally five-parted, with egg-shaped seg- 



