TITII 



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1154 



longer than the tube, awl-shaped, hairy, 

 revolute. The outer fruits are compressed, 

 with a very short pappus ; the central 

 ones somewhat four-cornered, surmounted 

 by a pappus of numerous small-toothed 

 scales. T. tagetiflora is cultivated in this 

 country for the sake of its orange-coloured 

 flowers. [M. T. MJ 



TITHYMALE. (Pr.) Euphorbia Cypa- 

 rissias. — , PETITE. Euphorbia exiguu. 



TITHYMALUS. Euphorbia. 



TITTMANNTA. A genus of Scrophularia- 

 cece, generally however considered as a sec- 

 tion of Vaudellia, containing the species 

 with very short appendages to the fila- 

 ments of the anterior stamens, and glo- 

 bular fruit included in the calyx. [TV. C] 



TITVAJ. An Indian name for Wrightia 

 antidysenterica. 



TJETTEK. A Javanese name for the 

 virulent poison prepared from Strychnos 

 Tieute. 



TMESIPTERIS. A genus of club- 

 mosses, distinguished at once by its pecu- 

 liar habit, consisting cf a single species 

 only, which is found in the Southern 

 Hemisphere, and from thence extending 

 from the Pacific Islands up to California. 

 The plant is pendulous, and frequently 

 grows on tree-ferns in New Zealand, 

 Australia, and Tasmania. The stein is 

 angular and branched ; the leaves are 

 alternate vertical and coriaceous, the fer- 

 tile ones two-lobed or didymous, plane, 

 ribbed but nerveless, obtuse or mucronate 

 (often in the same specimen), and decurrent 

 at the base; capsules large oblong two- 

 lobed, the lobes divaricate and acute, 

 opening with a vertical Assure, and con- 

 taining a quantity of very minute curved 

 spores. The germination has at present 

 not been ascertained. Two species, de- 

 pending upon the acute and truncate 

 leaves, have been proposed, but the exami- 

 nation of a good series of specimens 

 shows that they are untenable. [M. J. B.] 



TOADFLAX. Linaria, — , BASTARD. 

 Tkesium linophyUum; also a.n American 

 name for Comandra. — , IVY-LEAVED. 

 Linaria Cymbalaria. 



TOADSTOOLS. The common name of 

 agarics and Bolcti, which, according to the 

 notion of older herbalists, derived their 

 origin from toads, aspuffballs derived 

 theirs from wolves, or deerballs (Elaplio- 

 myces) from deer. [M. J. B.] 



TOBACCO. Nicotiana. —.AMERICAN. 

 Nicotiana Tabacum and its varieties. — , 

 INDIAN. Lobelia inflata; also Cannabis 

 indica. —.MOUNTAIN. Arnica montana. 

 — , PERSIAN, or SHIPiAZ. Nicotiana per- 

 sica. — , RIVERSIDE. Pluchea odorata. 

 — , SYRIAN. Nicotiana rustica. 



TOBACCO-ROOT. The root of Lewisia 

 rediviva. 



TOBAGO-CANES. A name under which 

 the slender trunks of Bactris minor are 



sometimes imported into Europe, to be 

 made into walking-sticks. 



TOCOCA. A name used by the natives 

 of Guiana, and applied botanically to a 

 genus of Melastvmacece, consisting of 

 Brazilian shrubs, whose leafstalks have 

 very generally attached to them a kind of 

 bladder, divided longitudinally into two 

 compartments. The ants avail themselves 

 of these cavities as nests. The flowers 

 are solitary or in clusters ; each has a five- 

 toothed calyx, five white or pink petals, 

 ten equal stamens, and a five or six-celled 

 ovary ripening into a fleshy many-seeded 

 fruit. The stigma is convex. T.guianensis 

 is in cultivation in this country ; in its na- 

 tive habitat its fruits are edible, and their 

 juice is sometimes used as ink. [M. T. MJ 



TOCOYENA. A vernacular name latin- 

 ised, and applied to a genus of Cinchona- 

 cece, consisting of tropical American 

 shrubs having yellowish flowers in termi- 

 nal corymbs. The calyx is five-toothed; 

 the corolla funnel-shaped, with a very long 

 tube dilated at the throat, and a limb of 

 five blunt lobes ; anthers five, inserted at 

 the throat of the corolla; style filiform, 

 hairy at the top ; fruit succulent two- 

 celled, surmounted by the calyx. Seeds 

 numerous. Some of the species are in cul- 

 tivation as stove-plants. [M^T. MJ 



TOCUSSO. An Abyssinian corn-plant or 

 millet, Eleusine Tocusao. 



TODDALIA. A small genus of Xan- 

 thoxylacece, confined to the tropics of Asia 

 and Africa, and consisting of shrubs, with 

 alternate trifoliolate leaves marked with 

 pellucid dots, and small unisexual flowers, 

 borne in axillary or terminal panicles; 

 they have four or five (rarely three) sepals 

 and as many petals; the males containing 

 a similar number of stamens, and a rudi- 

 mentary quinquangular pistil ; and the fe- 

 males sterile stamens with a nearly globular 

 five-celled ovary, bearing a broad peltate 

 lobed stigma. Their fruits are globular 

 fleshy berries marked with dots. 



T. aculeata is very widely dispersed 

 through Tropical Asia, and extends to as 

 far south as Mauritius. It is a shrub of 

 moderate size, with weak or flexuose 

 smooth branches, usually armed with 

 small prickles having their points bent 

 backwards, and bearing trifoliolate leaves 

 composed of oblong or oval-oblong leaflets, 

 the leafstalks and also the midribs of the 

 leaflets being generally prickly. The na- 

 tive Indian physicians ascribe stimulating 

 powers to all parts of this plant, and 

 prescribe the fresh bark of its roots as a 

 remedy for the kind of remittent fever 

 known as 'hill-fever,' from its being con- 

 tracted in the jungles of the Indian hills. 

 On the Malabar Coast the plant is called 

 Kaka Toddali, whence the generic name 

 adopted by botanists. [A. SJ 



TODDY. Palm-wine. The juice which 

 flows from the incised spathes of Borassus 

 flabellifnrmis,Baph ia vinifera, Mauritia vini- 

 fera, Arenga saccharifera, the cocoa-nut, 



