1161 



Ci)£ &r*a£urg of 23ntauy. 



TREF 



distinctions, though at first apparently too 

 refined, are founded on an extensive ex- 

 amination of species, and will probably 

 prove tenable. [M. J. B.] 



TRANSVERSE. Broader than long. 



TRAPA. The very singular four-horned 

 fruits of the European species of Trapa 

 (T. nutans), which was the only one for- 

 merly known, have been compared to the 

 spiked iron instruments called caltrops, 

 employed in ancient warfare for strewing 

 on the ground to impede the progress of 

 cavalry ; and, from the plant growing in 

 water, it is commonly called the Water 

 Caltrops. The genus belongs to the Halo- 

 ragacece. Its flowers have a four-parted 

 calyx with the tube adhering to the ovary ; 

 four petals, and as many stamens ; and a 

 two-celled ovary, with a cylindrical style 

 and hemispherical flat-headed stigma. 

 After flowering, the lobes of the calyx 

 harden and form two or four more or less 

 conspicuous horns at the top of the fruit ; 

 the latter being one-celled hard and un- 

 opening, and containing a solitary large 

 pendulous seed, with very unequal cotyle- 

 dons. Besides the European species, there 

 are five or six others, natives of India, 

 China, and Japan. All are floating plants, 

 with long-jointed rootstocks, having tufts 

 of hair-like roots (sometimes regarded as 

 submerged leaves) at the joints, and 

 surmounted by a radiating cluster of tri- 

 angular toothed leaves, with swollen float- 

 ! like stalks which serve to buoy them up. 

 The seeds of all these plants abound in 

 starch, and are much eaten as food. Those 

 of T nutans— called Jesuit's nuts at Venice, 

 | and Chataigne d'Eau by the French— are 

 I ground into flour and made into bread in 

 • some parts of Southern Europe. In Kash- 

 mir those of T bispinosa, the Singhara of 

 | the natives, feed 30,000 persons for five 



Trapa bicomis. 



months in the year, and are so extensively 

 collected that the celebrated Runjeet Singh 

 of Lahore derived a revenue of 12,OO0Z. per 

 annum from them. T. bicornis, the Ling 

 of the Chinese, has a fruit like a bull's 

 head ; the seeds of this plant also form a 

 considerable article of food. [A. S.] 



TRAPEZIFORM, TRAPEZOID. Having 

 four sides, those which are opposite not 

 being parallel; scarcely different from 

 Rhomboid. 



TRAP-TREE. A species of Artocarpus, 

 which furnishes a gutta or glutinous gum, 

 ti3ed as birdlime in Singapore. 



TRASI. (Fr.). Cyperus esculentus. 



TRATTINICKIA. A genus of trees be- 

 longing to the Amyridacce. The species are 

 natives of Brazil, and have large branch- 

 ing panicles of small reddish flowers. 

 Calyx cup-shaped, of three segments ; co- 

 rolla bell-shaped, three-cleft; stamens six, 

 with very short filaments ; ovary globose ; 

 style short. The trees abound in resinous 

 juice. [M. T. M.] 



TRAVELLER'S-JOY. Clematis Vitalba. 



TRAVELLERS-TREE. Urania speciosa. 



TREACLE, COUNTRYMAN'S. Rata gra- 

 veolens. 



TREAD-SOFTLY. Cnidoscolus stimu- 

 lans. 

 TREASURE-FLOWER. Gazania. 



TRECULIA. A genus of Artocarpacem, 

 named in honour of M. Trecul, an eminent 

 French vegetable anatomist. The species 

 are trees, natives of Senegambia, having 

 male and female flowers crowded together 

 in the same head. The male flowers have 

 a tubular three-cleft perianth ; the females 

 a perianth of three leaves, and an ovary 

 with a pendulous ovule. The genus is 

 closely related to Artocarpus, but may be 

 distinguished by the characters just men- 

 tioned. [M. T. M.] 



TREE. Any woody plant of perennial 

 duration which rises from the ground with 

 a trunk. 



TREE-BEARD. A South American name 

 for Tillandsia usneoides. 



TREE-FERN. See Filices. 



TREE-HAIR. A name sometimes given 

 to the dark wiry pendulous entangled 

 masses of a lichen, Cornicularia jubata, 

 which is not uncommon on trees in sub- 

 alpine woods. [M. J. B.] 



TREE-LIKE. Resembling a tree, but 

 very small. The same as Dendroid. 



TREE OF CHASTITY, Vitex Agnus- 

 castus. 



TREE OF HEAVEN. Ailantus. 



TREE OF LONG LIFE. Glaphyria 

 nitida. 



TREE OF SADNESS. Nyctantlies arbor- 

 tristis. 



TREE OF THE MAGICIANS. A Chi- 

 lian name for Lycioylesium pubijloricm. 



TREE OF THE SUN. A Japanese name 

 for Betinospora obtusa. 



TREFLE. (Fr.) Trifolmm. — BITU- 

 MINEUX. Psoraleabituminosa. —D'EAU. 

 Menyanthes trifoliata. — DE BOKHARA. 

 Mill lotus alba (leucantha). — DE HOL- 

 LANDE. Trifolium pratense. — DE VIR- 

 GINIE. Ptelea trifoliata. — EPINEUX 

 DE CANDIE. Fagonia cretica. — HE- 

 MORROIDAL. Lotus hirsutus. — JAUNE. 

 Lotus corniculatus. — JAUNE DES SA- 

 BLES. Anthyllis Vulnera.ria. — JAUNE 

 PETIT. Medicago lupulina. — NOIR. 

 Medicago lupulina. — ODORANT. Meli- 



