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1184 



in the order, should not be rather treated 

 as sections only of that genus, which has 

 a considerable number of species chiefly 

 Brazilian, but mostly of a weedy aspect. 



TURNERA. This genus gives its name 

 to the order Tnmeracece, and consists of 

 I herbs or undershrubs inhabiting the West 

 \ Indies and South America. The leaves 

 j are notched or sometimes more deeply 

 i cleft.andprovided with two small glands at 

 ! the base. The flowers arise singly from 

 I the axils of the leaves, and are either ses- 

 sile or stalked, in which latter case the 

 flower-stalk is often adherent to the leaf- 

 stalk. Very rarely the flowers are in ter- 

 minal racemes. The calyx is coloured and 

 five-parted; the petals and stamens five, at- 

 tached to the calyx ; ovary free, one-celled, 

 with three parietal placentas; styles three; 

 stigmas three, fan-shaped ; capsule one- 

 celled, bursting into three pieces. 



Several species are in cultivation in 

 greenhouses, and have for the most part 

 yellow flowers. An infusion of the leaves 

 of T. op if era is employed as an astrineent 

 by the natives of Brazil. T. ulmifolia is 

 also considered to have tonic and expecto- 

 rant properties. [M. T. M.] 



TURNIP. Brassica Rapa. —.DEVIL'S. 

 Bryonia dioica. — .FRENCH. A variety of 

 Brassica Napus. — , INDIAN. Ariswma 

 atrorvJbens ; also applied to the tubers of 

 Psoralea esculenta. — , LION'S. The tuber- 

 ous roots of Leant ice. —.PRAIRIE. The 

 tubers of Psoralea esculenta. — , ST. AN- 

 THONY'S. Ranunculus bulbosus. — , 

 SWEDISH. Brassica campestris rutabaga. 



TURNIP-RADISH. A variety of Rapha- 

 nus sativus. 



TURNIP-SHAPED. Napiform. 



TURNIP-TOPS. The young green leaves 

 of the common or Swedish turnips, eaten 



as a vegetable by the working classes. 



TURNSOLE. A purple dye-drug, the 

 inspissated juice of Crozophora tinctoria; 

 also an old name for Euphorbia helioscopia. 



TURPENTINE. A resinous exudation, 

 which flows from incisions made in the 

 stem of trees of the pine family. — , 

 BOSTON. American Turpentine, obtained 

 from Finns palustris and P. Tceda. — , 

 BOURDEAUX. A resin obtained from Pi- 

 nus Pinaster. — , CHIO, SCIO, or CYPRUS. 

 The limpid fragrant balsamic resin of 

 Pistacia Terebinthns. — , STRASBURGH. 

 A resin obtained from Abies peetinata. — , 

 VENETIAN. An oleo-resin obtained from 

 Abies Lasix, the common Larch. 



TURPENTINE-TREE. Pistacia Terebin- 

 thns-. also Bursera gummifera. —.AUS- 

 TRALIAN. Tristania albicans. 



TURPENTINE VESSELS. Tubes formed 

 in the interstices of tissue, into which 

 turpentine, or such secretions, are natu- 

 rally drained during the growth of a plant. 

 They are common in conifers. 



TURPINIA. This genus of Staphyleacece, 

 named in compliment to M. Turpin, a 



well-known French naturalist and artist, 

 consists of certain West Indian and tro- 

 pical Asiatic trees or shrubs, bearing white 

 flowers in terminal panicles. These have 

 a coloured five-parted calyx ; five petals, 

 inserted upon aten-lobed disk, as also are 

 the five flattened awl-shaped filaments of 

 the stamens; a sessile three-lobed ovary, 

 with numerous ovules in the inner corner 

 of each compartment; three styles, and a 

 succulent three-celled fruit, with two or 

 three seeds in each cell. The fruit of 

 some of these plants is edible. [M. T. M.] 



TURQUETTE. (Fr.) Herniaria glabra. 

 TURQUOISE. (Fr.) A kind of Olive. 



TURR^KA. A genus of Meliacew, the 

 species of which belong exclusively to the 

 Old World, and are nearly all tropical. 

 They are either shrubs or trees, sometimes 

 of large size; and have entire or bluntly- 

 lobed leaves, and usually large flowers, 

 variously disposed on lateral stalks. The 

 flowers have a five-toothed calyx ; five long 

 strap-like petals, twisted round each other 

 previous to expanding ; a long cylindrical 

 stamen-tube, slit into ten at the top and 

 having the anthers inside, opposite the 

 slits, each anther being tipped by a single 

 or double strap-like prolongation ; and a 

 five ten or twenty-celled ovary bearing a 

 slender style, and a club-shaped or round 

 stigma. [A. SJ 



TURRITIS. The plants of this genus of 

 Crnciferce are closely allied to Arabis, from 

 which they mainly differ in having their 

 seeds arranged in two rows in a linear pod. 

 The species are unimportant weeds, with 

 clasping leaves, somewhat arrow-shaped at 

 the base, and elongated racemes of white 

 or sulphur-coloured flowers. T. glabra, or 

 Tower Mustard, is a plant of wide distri- 

 bution, being a native throughout Europe 

 in dry exposed situations, on banks and by- 

 roadsides in many parts of Britain, and of 

 North America from Hudson's Bay to the 

 Rocky Mountains. It grows from one to 

 two feet high, and has glaucous leaves (of 

 which the radical ones are toothed at the 

 base, the upper arrow-shaped), and yellow- 

 ish-white flowers. There are several other 

 species. French : Tourrette ; German . 

 Thiirnkraut. [C. A. J.] 



TURTLE-HEAD. Chelone. 



TURUNJABINS. An Indian name for 

 the Manna of the desert, obtained from 

 the Camel's Thorn, Alhugi Cumelurum. 



TURWAR. A tanning bark obtained in 

 India from Cassia auriculata. 



TUSO SO. The Japanese name for 

 Stauntonia. 



TUSSILAGE. (Fr.) Tussilago. 



TUSSILAGO. The Coltsfoot, a common 

 and in many places a troublesome weed, 

 the existence of which indicates a clayey 

 soil. T. Farfara, the only British specie.-, 

 sends up very early in spring a short erect 

 flower-stalk four to six inches high, imbri- 

 cated with scales, and bearing at its sum- 



