1185 



Cl)c Crcatfiu-j) of 23ataitg. 



TYPH 



mit a single large bright-yellow radiated 

 flower-head; as this dies away the staik 

 elongates, and finally bears a head of white 

 serrated pappus-hairs, much employed by 

 goldfinches in liuing their nests The 

 leaves, which appear after the flowers, are 

 all radical, broadly heart-shaped, angular, 

 and toothed : beneath they are thickly 

 clothed 'with white cottony down, which 

 was formerly used (being previously dipped 

 in a solution of saltpetre) as tinder. The 

 leaves, themselves are still employed in 

 rural districts as a remedy for asthma, 

 either smoked or in the form of an in- 

 fusion. There are several foreign species, 

 which in habit resemble T. Farfara. The 

 Butter Bur, formerly called T. Petasites, is 

 now sometimes placed in a distinct genus, 

 Petasites : which see. [C. A. J.j 



TUTSAN. Androscemum officinale. 



TUTSANS. Lindley's name for the order 

 Hypericacece. 



TUTUMA. An American name for Cres- 

 centia Cnjete. 



TUWAK. A Malay name for the toddy 

 obtained from Arenga sacchari/era. 



TUYE. (Fr.i Ulex europceus. 



TUZELLE BLANCHE DE PROVENCE. 

 (Fr.) A kind of Wheat. 



TWAYBLADE. Listera. 



TWEEDIA. Twining shrubs, natives of 

 Chili, and belonging to the family Asclepia- 

 daceae. They have very pointed fleshy- 

 leaves, and handsome blue flowers, arrang- 

 ed in umbels. The corolla is large bell- 

 shaped five-cleft, hairy externally, and 

 with five fleshy appendages within; the 

 anthers have a membranous wing at their 

 summits ; and the stigma is pointed and 

 cleft. T. ccerulea and T. versicolor are in 

 cultivation in this country'. [M. T. M.] 



T WICE-WR1THEN. Polygonum Bistorta. 



TWIGGY. Consisting of numerous small 

 slender branchlets. 



TWIG-RUSH. Cladium Mariscus. 



TWIN DIGITATO-PINNATE. When the 

 secondary* petioles, on the sides of which 

 the leaflets are arranged, proceed in twos 

 from the summit of a common petiole ; as 

 in Mimosa purpurea. 



TWIN-FLOWER. An American name 

 for Linncea. 



TWINING. Ascending by means of 

 spiral convolutions around a supporting 

 body. 



TWIN-LEAF. Jeffersonia. 



TWISTED-STALK. Streptopus. 



TWO-LIPPED. When a tubular body, as 

 a calyx and corolla, is parted at the mouth 

 so as to form two divisions. 



TYD.EA. A genus of herbaceous plants 

 belonging to the Gesneracece, and inhabit- 

 ing the mountains of New Grenada. We are 

 at present acquainted with only four spe- 



cies, all inmates of our gardens, where they 

 are better known under their old name of 

 Achimenes, the most widely diffused being 

 T.picta (.Achimenes picta). They are erect 

 robust herbs, with fine blotched leaves, 

 and axillary oright-coloured flowers. The 

 calyx is connate with the ovary, the co- 

 rolla almost funnel-shaped and five-lobed ; 

 the stamens are included, the ovary sur- 

 rounded by five glands, the stigma five- 

 cleft, and the fruit a capsule. [B. S.] 



TYLE-BERRY. Jatropha multiflda. 



TYLOCHILUS. Cyrtopodium. 



TYLOPHORA. A considerable genus of 

 Asclepiadacece, confined to the tropical and 

 warm regions of the Old World ; and con- 

 sisting of twining mostly thm-leaved 

 herbs or shrubs, bearing slender flower- 

 stalks proceeding from between the leaves, 

 and having umbels of small flowers dis- 

 posed alternately along them. It is cha- 

 racterised by the staminal corona consist- 

 ing of five simple acuminate fleshy leaflets, 

 more or less united to the gynostegium, 

 and usually shorter than it ; by thepollen- 

 j masses, which are very small and swollen 

 (hence the name, from tylos 'a swelling,' 

 ! and phoreo 'to bear'), being transverse 

 j subascendmg or erect ; and by the point- 

 : less stigma. The fruits are smooth, com- 

 pressed, and attenuated at the apex. 



T. asthmatica, a twining shrubby species 

 with slender branches, native of the In- 

 dian Peninsula, Ceylon, and the Moluccas, 

 I yields a strong white silky fibre resem- 

 | bling that of the yercum (Calotropis gi- 

 l gantea). Its roots also possess valuable 

 I medicinal properties, acting in large doses 

 as an emetic (in consequence of which 

 I they are substituted in India for ipeca- 

 I cuanha), and in smaller doses as a ca- 

 I thartic. They have been successfully era- 

 f ployed in epidemic dysentery, and are said 

 | to have a good effect in humoral asthma. 

 | The Cingalese call the plant Binooga, and 

 i the natives of Madras Koorinja. Two 

 j varieties are distinguished by botanists : 

 I one being everywhere covered, except 

 j upon the upper surface of the leaves, with 

 | soft close-pressed down, and the other 

 I quite free of down in every part. [A. SJ 

 I TYMPANANTHE. Dictyantlms. 



} TYMPANUM. A membrane which 

 I stretches across the mouth of the spore- 

 j case of some urn-mosses. 



TYPHACE^E. (Typlue, Typhinea, Ty- 

 ■ phads). An order of monocotyledons, 

 consisting of reed-like herbs growing in 

 marshes ditches or shallow water, with 

 long narrow parallel veined leaves, and 

 small flowers densely packed in cylindrical 

 spikes or globular heads. In structure they 

 come near to Aracea?. The flowers are mo- 

 noecious, without any perianth, unless the 

 small scales or tufts of hairs intermixed 

 with the stamens and ovaries be regarded 

 as such. The ovary tapers into a slender 

 simple style, and ripens into a small nut 

 with a single pendulous seed ; the embryo 

 is straight, lying in copious albumen. There 



4G 



