1Q2 U P O L U — M A N O N O — S A V A I I. 



much. It is of uniform height, and has a circular form ; the cavity 

 within it was estimated as having a circumference of about two and 

 a quarter miles, and occupies the whole summit. The depth of the 

 crater was found to be three hundred and sixty feet, and the whole 

 of its interior is filled with lofty trees. The slope of the inner 

 declivity was 60°. At the foot of this is an uneven plane, covered 

 with earth and loose cinders or scoria. Upon this grow forest trees, 

 many of which were more than one hundred feet in height, beneath 

 which is a dense growth of shrubbery. 



It was remarked, that although it had rained constantly for several 

 days before this crater was visited, no water was found within it. 

 This is accounted for by the fact that many of the brooks and streams 

 on the island are subterranean throughout their whole course, while 

 others are partly so. The former gush up near the sea-shore in large 

 springs or fountains, forming natural, or feeding artificial pools, in 

 which the natives bathe. According to our observations, such pools 

 are so numerous on the western shore of the island, as to occur on the 

 average, at intervals of a mile. 



The rocks of this island are of the volcanic character that might be 

 expected from the existence of so many craters. They are princi- 

 pally composed of a variety of basaltic lava, in which are found 

 augite, felspar, albite, and chrysolite. Extensive currents of lava are 

 seen, and are particularly abundant on the southern side of the island. 



It appears as if these had flowed down towards the sea-shore in 

 various directions, and that after their outer surface had cooled, the 

 portion that remained liquid within had run out, and left a sort of 

 tunnel. Such tunnels are numerous, and form the subterranean 

 courses of the streams. Some of these natural tunnels are remark- 

 able : among them, one visited near Sanga will serve as the type of 

 all. It was found to be a cavern nine hundred and fifty-eight feet in 

 length, extending in a southeast direction, and to have an average 

 width of about fifteen feet ; its roof was about eight feet in height. 

 At the termination of this cave, there was a pool of water five feet in 

 depth, the temperature of which was observed to be 72°, while that 

 of the air within the cavern was 76-6°, and that of the open air was 

 77-4°. These streams of lava are much more frequently seen on the 

 southern than on the northern side of the island ; they are also larger 

 on the former of these sides, where they were in some places four 

 miles in width. 



The path from Vivimanga to Sanga is called the Stone Road, 



