86 KAUAIANDOAHU. 



excellent springs, that gusli out at the foot of the moimtains. From 

 these run streams sufBcient for working sugar-mills. In consequence 

 of this suppl}^ the district never suffers from drought, and the taro- 

 patches are well supplied with water by the same means. 



The soil on the sides of the hills is a hard red clay, deemed useless 

 except for pasturage. Here and there in the valleys passing through 

 these hills and in the low grounds, is found a soil capable of producing 

 all the varieties of tropical vegetation. 



There is every indication that an elevation of the island has taken 

 place : the flat land is now fifty or sixty feet above the level of the 

 ocean, and the upper rock has the appearance of calcareous sand- 

 stone. The latter Ues on a bed of lava, part of which is above, but 

 a greater portion below the ocean level. There are above this rock 

 and on the plain behind some horizontal beds of sea-worn pebbles. 

 It seems remarkable, however, that although this upper rock will 

 effervesce with acids, yet all attempts that have been made to convert 

 it into lime have failed. It has been put into the same kiln with the 

 present reef coral, and while the latter produced good lime, the former 

 came out unchanged, — a pretty conclusive proof that it is not coral 

 rock, as it appeared to be. As this rock will be treated of in the 

 Geological Report, I shall refer the reader to it for further infor- 

 mation. 



At Ewa, Mr. Bishop has a large congregation. The village com- 

 prises about fifty houses, and the country around is dotted with them. 

 The village presents an appearance of health and cleanliness, clearly 

 indicating the influence Mr. Bishop has exerted over his flock, in 

 managing which he is much aided by his lady. 



The church is a large adobe building, situated on the top of a small 

 hill, and will accommodate a great number of persons. Mr. Bishop 

 sometimes preaches to two thousand persons. 



The natives have made some advance in the arts of civilized life; 

 there is a sugar-mill which, in the season, makes two hundred pounds 

 of sugar a day. They have been taught, and many of them are now 

 able to make their own clothes, after the European pattern. There 

 is a native blacksmith and several native carpenters and masons, 

 who are able to work well. 



In 1840, the church contained nine hundred members, seven hun- 

 dred and sixty of whom belonged to Ewa, the remainder to Waianae; 

 but the Catholics have now established themselves at both these 

 places, and it is understood are drawing off" many from their attend- 



