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Y.I. KANTOR, A. MEDINSKAYA AND J.D. TAYLOR 



Fig. 34 Diagram summarizing some of the major types of foregut morphology found among the Crassispirinae. Not to scale. 



A, Antiguraleus morganus. B, Cheungbeia spp. C, Nquma scalpta (anastomosing tubular salivary glands) and Naudedhllia praetermissa (simple tubular 

 salivary glands). D, Inquisitor latifasciata and Ptychobela suturalis with a retracted proboscis. E, Ptychobela suturalis with protracted proboscis. F, 

 Haedropleura septangularis. G, Hindsiclava spp. 



buccal mass and the nerve ring, usually forming a more or less long 

 loop. This character is also associated with the ability to evert the 

 posterior rhynchodeum. Exceptions are Antiguraleus morganus (Fig. 

 34 A) and Haedropleura septangularis (Fig. 34 F). 



The length of the proboscis in its retracted position is very 

 variable, this is because the posterior part of the rhynchodeum can 

 evert, so that on retraction, the proboscis wall becomes the wall of 

 the rhynchodeum. The most extreme expression of this is found in 

 Hindsiclava spp. (Fig. 34 G), where the proboscis, in its retracted 

 position, is extremely short, occupying less that 1/5 of the rhynchocoel 

 length. The anatomy of the posterior part of rhynchodeum suggests 



that when protracted the proboscis would be similar in length to that 

 of the other species. 



Elongation of the oesophagus is coupled with the anterior elonga- 

 tion of the venom gland. This results in the formation of a usually 

 long, muscular, non-glandular duct, which in nearly all the 

 Crassispirinae studied, opens into the posterior part of the buccal 

 mass at the border with the oesophagus. Exceptions are Antiguraleus 

 morganus (Fig. 34 A) and Haedropleura septangularis (Fig. 34 F), 

 which are the only species lacking the oesophageal loop. In Turriinae 

 (Turridrupa) there is modification of the venom gland in front of the 

 nerve ring, but the oesophageal loop is absent. 



