REVISION OF SIMOCEPHALUS DAPHNIIDAE 
teeth on each side. Dorso-posterior valve angle with more or less 
pointed prominence. 
ETYMOLOGY. The subgenus is named Aquipiculus or ‘small water 
woodpecker’ because all its representatives have a long rostrum 
resembling a beak. 
S. latirostris Stingelin, 1906 
Figs 47-50 
S. latirostris Stingelin, 1906: 187; Brandorff et al., 1982: 92; Orlova- 
Bienkowskaja, 1995b: 46. 
TYPE MATERIAL. Lectotype (designated by Orlova-Bienkowskaja 
(1995b)): Paraguay, Riacho Negro, 3. 1894., leg. Ternetz, CBS in 
poor condition: 9 ad., (MNO, III/24). Paralectotype: 9 juv., men- 
tioned in the original description, has probably been lost. 
MATERIAL EXAMINED. (Fig. 51) Lectotype and other specimens: 
Argentina, Santa Fe, 23. 5. 1981: 21 2 Qad., more than 50 @ Q juv., 
312 Qe., 80 C(BMNH and AC). Brasil, Rio Negro, Anavilanas 
Margen, 14. 9. 1979: 9 ad. 
DIAGNOSIS. Measurements. 9 2 ad.: 1.0—1.8mm,c"o": 0.6-0.9mm. 
Both sexes (Figs 47-50). Rostrum very long, rostrum length 6.4— 
9.1% of body length in 2 9 ad., 5.4-7.7% ino’. Lateral margins of 
rostrum elevated above central part. Antennule long, in correspond- 
ence with long rostrum; about as long as rostrum. Head shield 
deeply depressed in middle. 
Female. Height 65-74% of length. Ephippium length 47-67% of 
body length. Aesthetes shorter than antennule. Dorso-posterior valve 
prominence in 9 ad. pointed. Denticles of valves very small, located 
only on dorso-posterior prominence. No lateral prominences of 
valves. Postabdomen with 5—9 (usually 7) anal teeth on each side. 
Anal teeth gradually decreasing in size proximally, Sth tooth more 
than half length of 4th. 
Male. Vas deferens opening at base of supra-anal angle. 
DISTRIBUTION. (Fig. 51) The tropics and subtropics of South and 
Central America. Numerous records of S. /atirostris from Australia, 
Malay Archipelago, South-EastAsia andAfrica are available. Johnson 
(1963) supposes this species to be pantropical. However, according 
to the descriptions and figures, the authors misuse the name S. 
latirostris for S. heilongjiangensis. 
REMARKS. _ S. latirostris was originally described at the beginning 
of the 20th century (Stingelin, 1906) and was poorly known up to 
now (Orlova-Bienkowskaja, 1995b). It was confused with next 
species by several authors (see below). 
Dumont (1983) supposes S. iheringi, described from Brasil, to be 
a synonym of S. latirostris. The general body shape is rather similar 
in these two species, and the valves of females are produced into a 
sharp prominence in both species. But according to our data, S. 
iheringi is the junior synonym of S. daphnoides and clearly differs 
from S. latirostris in the pecten of the spines on the postabdominal 
claw. 
S. heilongjiangensis Shi, Shi, 1994 
Figs 52-53 
| Simocephalus latirostris: Fryer, 1957: 225; Johnson, 1963: 160; 
Biswas, 1971: 115; Dumont & Van De Velde, 1977a: 81; Mamaril & 
Fernando, 1978: 134; Kanduru, 1981: 65; Rajapaksa, 1981: 98; 
Hossain, 1982: 112; Dumont, 1983: 103, Michael & Sharma, 1988: 
80; S. heilongjiangensis Shi, Shi, 1994: 403; S. mesorostris Orlova- 
Bienkowskaja, 1995b: 51. 
53 
TYPE MATERIAL. Holotype. Moershan Town (45°15'N, 127°30'E), 
Shangzhi County, Heilongjang Prvince, 6.8.1990., leg. Shi 
Xinlu. 9 ad. AllotypeC’and paratypes 302 Q and 100’ C'collected 
with holotype (deposited in the Laboratory of Hydrobiology, Harbin 
Normal Universiry, China). 
MATERIAL EXAMINED. Type material of junior synonym S. 
mesorostris: Holotype. The Philippines, Luzon, Bulacan near Chemi- 
cal Plant, pond, 1.1976: CBS: 9 ad. (BMNH, 1995.753). Paratypes: 
110 specimens (9 Qad., 9 Qjuv. and 9 Qe.) from The Philippines, 
Indonesia, Malaysia, New Guinea, Australia, Viet-Nam, Sri Lanka 
and India (BMNH, AC). More percise geographical data are pub- 
lished elsewhere (Orlova-Bienkowskaja, 1995b). Other specimens: 
139 specimens (2 Qad. and Q Q juv.) from Sudan (AC). 
DIAGNOSIS. Measurements. 9 9 ad.: 1.2-1.9mm. 
Female. (Figs 52; 53). Height 59-75% of length. Rostrum shorter 
than in S. Jatirostris; length 3.3-5.7% of body length. Lateral 
margins of rostrum below central part. Antennule shorter than in S. 
latirostris, in correspondence with moderate size of rostrum, its 
length about as long as rostrum. Aesthetes longer than antennule. 
Depression of head shield shallow. Dorso-posterior valve promi- 
nence in 2 rounded. Denticles of valves of moderate size, located 
both on dorso-posterior prominence and on dorsal valve margin. No 
lateral prominences of valves. Postabdomen with 5-8 (usually 6) 
anal teeth on each side. Four distal teeth large, the rest extremely 
small, 5th tooth less than half as long as 4th. 
Male. Vas deferens opening at base of supra-anal angle. 
DISTRIBUTION. The tropics of Australia, Malay Archipelago, Asia 
and Africa (Fig. 51). 
REMARKS. ‘The specimens from Africa differ from others in shorter 
rostrum. However I believe that the African S. heilongjiangensis 
does not belong to another subspecies because there is a consider- 
able overlapping in this character (more than 25%) and there are no 
other differences. 
S. heilongjiangensis was confused with the closely related S. 
latirostris by many authors (Fryer, 1957; Dumont & Van De Velde, 
1977a; Rajapaksa, 1981; Kanduru, 1981; Hossain, 1982; Dumont, 
1983; Michael & Sharma, 1988). I discovered that it is a separate 
species (Orlova-Bienkowskaja, 1995b) and described it as S. 
mesorostris. Shi & Shi (1994) came to the same conclusion inde- 
pendently and named this species S. heilongjiangensis. This name 
has the priority. 
S. lusaticus Herr, 1917 
Fig. 54 
Simocephalus lusaticus: Herr, 1917: 58; Behning, 1923: 5; 1925: 
526; Sramek-Husek et al., 1962: 259; Fléssner, 1972: 182; Kaminski, 
1975: 89. 
TYPE MATERIAL. Syntypes: East Europe, Silesia, ponds near Werda, 
27. 7. 1913 (12 specimens), 5. 9. 1913 (3 specimens), “false ponds’, 
10. 8. 1913 (6 specimens). I do not know in what museum these 
syntypes were deposited, or whether they still exist. 
MATERIAL EXAMINED. None. 
DISTRIBUTION. (Fig. 51) East Europe: Silesia, Czech Republic, 
Slovakia, Poland, Russia: Wolga basin. Chiha: Heilong Province. 
Manujlova (1964) reports this species from the Caucasus. Obvi- 
ously, this is a misunderstanding, because she refers to a book 
(Behning, 1941) which contains no such information. 
DIAGNOSIS. Measurements. 9 9 ad.: 1.5-3mm,C C’about 1mm. 
