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Appendix I List of Characters used in the 

 phylogenetic analysis 



1. Anterior tip of maxilla turned medially, closely approaching or 

 touching transverse process of premaxilla (0); anterior tip of 

 maxilla straight, contact with premaxilla shizarthrotic (1). 



2. Nasals relatively broad anteriorly, notched (0); nasals gradually 

 tapering to pointed tip anteriorly ( 1 ). 



3. Teeth on palatine present (0), absent (1). 



4. A distinct and well defined buttressing contact between the 

 processus medialis anterior of the maxilla and an anterior lateral 

 process of the vomer is absent (0), or present (1). 



5. Parietal enters optic foramen (0), optic foramen fully enclosed 

 entirely within frontal (1). 



6. Crista trabecularis ends behind the (lateral) fronto-parietal su- 

 ture (0), at the (lateral) fronto-parietal suture (1), in front of the 

 (lateral) fronto-parietal suture (2). 



7. Supraorbital process of parietal does not (0), or does ( 1 ) participate 

 in suspension of prefrontal (contacts prefrontal above the orbit). 



8. Supraoccipital separate (0), or fused ( 1 ). 



9. Prootic and opisthotic-exoccipital separate (0), or fused (1). 



10. Basisphenoid - basioccipital separate (0), or fused (1). 



11. Laterosphenoid narrow (0), broad (1). 



12. Facial nerve branches open into a recess behind the mandibular 

 branch foramen which connects with the posterior opening of 

 the Vidian canal (0); facial nerve branches open into a prootic 

 canal which opens within the recession of the mandibular branch 

 foramen and connects with the posterior opening of the Vidian 

 canal (1); facial nerve branches open into a prootic canal which 

 opens behind the mandibular branch foramen and connects with 

 the posterior opening of the Vidian canal (2). 



13. Juxtastapedial recess wide open laterally (0; fenestra pseudo- 

 rotunda may be exposed in lateral view), distinctly restricted by 

 approximation of dorsal and ventral margin (1; fenestra 

 pseudorotunda never exposed in lateral view). 



14. Jugular foramen behind juxtastapedial recess (0), recessed within 

 juxtastapedial recess (1). 



15. Jugular foramen internally subdivided (0), single (1). 



16. More than one hypoglossal foramina (0), single but enlarged 

 hypoglossal foramen ( 1 ). 



17. Stalk of occipital condyle short, depression in basioccipital for 

 brainstem not visible in dorsal view (0), stalk of occipital 

 condyle elongate, depression in basioccipital for brainstem 

 visible in dorsal view (1). 



18. Posteroventral process of dentary distinct (0), reduced (1), 

 absent (2). 



19. Exoccipitals not in contact dorsal to basioccipital in occipital 

 condyle (0); exoccipitals in contact dorsal to basioccipital in 

 occipital condyle (1); exoccipitals and basioccipital fused in 

 occipital condyle (2). 



20. Anterior dentigerous process of palatine slender and straight (0), 

 broadened anteriorly ( 1 ), modified into expanded lamina (2). 



21. Pterygoid teeth present (0), absent (1) (Tchernov et al. 2000). 



22. Suprastapedial process of stapes is not (0), or is (1) distinctly 

 longer than shaft of stapes (Tchernov et al. 2000). 



23. Quadrate suspension close to dorsal margin of otic capsule (0), 

 shifted anteroventrally on otic capsule (1) (Tchernov et al. 

 2000). 



24. Retroarticular process unmodified (0), wrapping around poste- 

 rior aspect of mandibular condyle of quadrate ( 1 ) (Cundall et al. 

 1993). 



25. Premaxillary teeth present (0), absent (1). 



26. Contact between premaxilla and vomer overlapping (0), or in 

 well defined recess (1). 



27. Preorbital ridge on frontal (Frazzetta 1 966) does not (0), does ( 1 ) 

 project beyond anterior margin of dorsally exposed surface of 

 frontal. 



28. Interchoanal process of parasphenoid absent (0), present (1). 



29. Posteroventral part of crista circumfenestralis does not (0), or 

 does (1) form a distinctly enlarged gliding surface for the 

 quadrate ramus of the pterygoid, or this gliding surface is 

 present but "rounded off (2). 



30. Occipital condyle is not (0), or is (1) modified as described by 

 Williams (1959) and Hoffstetter & Gasc (1969). 



31. The superior alveolar nerve canal in the maxilla is closed (0), or 

 open ( 1 ) dorsally. 



32. Frontals are not (0), are (1) at least twice as long as broad. 



33. Supratemporal present (0), absent ( 1 ). 



