PHALLUS MORPHOLOGY IN CAECILIANS 



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Fig. 2 Uraeotyphlus cf. narayani (field tag MW 249). Phallodeal portion of undissected, uneverted cloaca exposed in the coelom by a mid-ventral 

 incision through the body wall. The phallodeum has been rotated about its long axis through 90" to show its right lateral aspect. Scale on drawing : 

 5 mm. 



Fig. 3 Uraeotyphlus cf. narayani (field tag MW 249). Anterior phallodeal portion of undissected, uneverted cloaca exposed in the coelom by a mid- 

 ventral incision through the body wall. The phallodeum has been rotated about its long axis through 180° to show its dorsal aspect. See Fig. 2 for scale. 



and bladder open, in close proximity, into the cloaca at its anterior 

 end. The openings of the ducts and bladder are in the dorsolateral 

 and ventral wall of the cloaca respectively. The Miillerian and 

 Wolffian ducts and the intestine may extend posterior to their points 

 of entry into the urodeum before turning back on themselves in U- 

 bends or copulator loops that facilitate the eversion of the phallus 



(Duvernoy, 1849; Gunther, 1864; Spengel, 1876; Sawaya, 1942; 

 Wilkinson. 1990; this paper: Figs. 2, 3). As documented by, for 

 example, Rathke (1852), Gunther (1864), Spengel (1876), 

 Wiedersheim (1879: 89, Fig. 89) and Tonutti (1931, 1933: e.g. Fig. 

 32), the mature male cloaca sits within a membranous cloacal 

 sheath, to which it is unattached other than at its anterior and 



