In the more perfect animals are many instruments, and various senses, which are denied to 

 the lower tribes of animated beings. 



Thus Serpents and Fishes have no feet. 



There is no nose in Insects and Worms. 



There are many Worms without eyes. 



Thus the farther we descend in this chain,* the more simple the last links will appear j 

 so that m worms, as the Tenia, Gordius, and Lumbricus, many parts are wanting which 

 appear in higher animals, hence called perfect, and in the remotest limits of the animal king- 

 dom, we observe the Zoophyta nearly approaching the vegetable, having diffused branched, 

 radical at the base, unfolding into flowers, in one word, more like to a plant than an 

 animal, unless in this they approach the higher order of animals, that by means of nerves 

 they have voluntary movement, hence these animal flowers have sensation, and vibrate without 

 the medium of the external air, which affords motion to plants, some of these being placed in 



has 



* For a full account of the" Chain of Nature" vide the admirable - Contemplation of Nature," by the Philosopher Bonket who 

 ably dl scussed th.s subject. But the different functions of animated beings will be seen at one view in tlfe following tabll 



A TABLE OF THE FUNCTIONS, OR GRADATION, OF LIVING BODIES. 



1. 



Digestion. 



2. 



Nutrition. 



3. 

 Circulation." 



4. 



Rfspikation. ' 



!Man. 

 Quadrupeds. 

 Cetaceous animals. 

 Birds. 

 Crustaceous animals. 

 ■ A stomach distinguishable only by (^parous quadrupeds. 

 certain expansions from the wso-J ^, erp ^ nt ?" 

 phagus and intestinal canal. . . . | Cartilaginous fishes. 



Irishes, properly so called. 

 An alimentary canal, not distin- C Insects. 

 guishable into oesophagus, sto- ) Worms. 



mach, and intestines ) Zoophytes. 



Neither stomach nor intestines . . . PLANTS. 



fMan. 

 Quadrupeds. 

 Cetaceous animals 

 Birds. 



By vessels beginning from internal J £fe" q^drupeds. 



cavities i X, er P < : n,S - 



Cartilaginous fishes. 



Fishes, properly so called. 

 Insects. 



Crustaceous animals. 

 _ Worms. 

 By vessels opening on the external f vr Axrrc 

 . surface jfi^AiNlb. 



f ( Man. 



^ j Having a heart with two ventricles j Quadrupeds. 



and two auricles ) Cetaceous animals. 



3 I (Birds. 



£ > With one ventricle divided into se- C Oviparous quadrupeds. 



"^ veial cavities and two auricles. . | Serpents. 



With one ventricle and one auricle] Cartilaginous fishes, 

 i 'g I | fishes, properly so called. 



oq J -of f Crustaceous animals. 



wA "8 Whose heart is formed of one Ion- j Insects. 

 -c * J ghudinal vessel, tuberous and ! Worms. 



|| ] contractile, in which there is a j Insomecrustaceousanimalsthere 

 15 | whitish fluid instead of blood.. . \ is observed something resem- 

 ^ C L bling a heart. 



( In which no heart has been yet"\ 

 I observed, but only vessels filled (Zoophytes. 

 with juices of a nature different | PLANTS. 

 from that of blood J 



By lungs free from all adhesion, f Jf an ; , 



and spungy ' -j Quadrupeds. 



°' ( Cataceous animals. 



By lungs free from all adhesion, { Oviparous quadrupeds, 

 vesicular and muscular . . \ Serpents. 



By lungs adhering to the ribs, and f R . , 

 provided with appendages \ Birds - 



J Cartilaginous fishes. 

 Fishes, properly so called. 

 Crustaceous animals. 

 By stigmata, or boles in different j Insects. 



rings | Earth-worms. 



By an opening called trachea, or 7 . 



by external fringes j Aquat.oworms. 



By tracheae PLANTS. 



In which there have been disco- ~\ 



i- > Polype*, 



II 



vered neither stigmata nor tra- 

 cheae 



6. 



Ossification."* 



7. 

 Generation. 



8. 

 Irritability. 



Internal and osseous. 



Man. 



Quadrupeds. 

 Cetaceous animals. 

 Birds. 



Oviparous quadrupeds. 

 Serpents. 



.Fishes, properly so called. 

 Internal and cartilaginous Cartilaginous fishes. 



External and corneous J Pcrf ect insects. 



\ Lithophytes. 



{Crustaceous animals. 

 Shell-fish. 

 Madrepores. 



eternal and ligneous. . ]&£"** ^ * *"***' 



Which have no skeleton j w^ms" ** ** "**• 



( Polypes. 



( Men - 

 Viviparous J Quadrupeds. 



( Cetaceous animals. 





Oviparous, whether the evolution 

 of the eggs takes place within or< 

 without the female 



Which propagate also by slips... -I Polypes. 



Birds. 



Oviparous quadrupeds. 



Serpents. 



Cartilaginous fishes. 



I il><>, properly so called. 



Insects. 



Crustaceous animals. 



Worms. 

 -Plants 

 ( Worms. 



[ PLANTS. 



C Greatest part of insects in the 

 A body wholly muscular or con- J first state of their trdnsforma- 



tractile < , t,o n. 



' i Worms. 

 (.Pol j pes. 

 fMan. 



Quadrupeds. 

 I Cetaceous animals. 

 Muscles covering the skeleton... . <{ R irds - 



(Oviparous quadrupeds. 

 Serpents. 

 I Cartilaginous fishes. 

 I Fishes, properly so called. 

 A skeleton covering the muscles.. . \ ^ cr ^t insects. 



t Crustaceous animals. 

 No muscular power PLANTS 



9- 



Sensibility. 



ls 



5. 

 Secretion 



f a'.h /There are no bodies in which secretions \ A „ . . 

 .(.-> J \ are not carried on. j Ml bav,n * am 



animation. 



fMan. 

 Qu.idrupeds. 



L , , I Cetaceous animals. 



Nerves and brain easily distinguish- ; Birds, 

 able from the stinal marrnu, 1 Oviparous quadrupeds. 



Serpents. 



Cartilaginous fishes. 

 .. ' L Fishes, properly so called. 



Nerves and brain scarcely distin- i Insects. 

 guishable from the spinal mar- < Crustaceous animals 



T row (Worms. 



In which there have not yet been " 



n which there have not yet been ) „ 

 discovercdnerves,brain,OTspinal V nF3™' 

 marrow \ "LAN! S. 



H 



Plants 











