few termina flowers, whose stalks hare 

 two bracts, a conoid corolla, Ave included 

 stamens. The capsule has five many-seeded 

 compartments, and is covered by the en- 

 larged limb of the calyx ; seeds very small. 

 B. coccinea is in cultivation, and is de- 

 scribed as a cistus-like shrub, with scarlet 

 flowers half an inch long. [M. T. M.] 



BROUALLE E'LEVE'E. (Fr.) Brotoallia 

 elata. 



BROUGHTONTA sangirinea is a hand- 

 some West Indian epiphytal pseudobulb- 

 ous orchid with oblong coriaceous leaves, 

 and ashort spike of deep crimson flowers. 

 It has a spur completely immersed beneath 

 the surface of the ovary. It is common in 

 Cuba on bushes, but more usually comes 

 from Jamaica. Its nearest affinity is with 

 Lcelia and Cattleya. 



BROUSSONETIA. This genus is allied 

 to the mulberry, and belongs to the same 

 order of morads (Moracece). Three species 

 have been defined, but they may probably 

 be all referred to one, namely, B. papy- 

 ri/era, the Paper Mulberry, which is so 

 called on account of its fibrous inner-bark 

 being used by the Japanese and Chinese 

 for making paper. It grows wild in China 

 and Japan, and also in many of the islands 

 of the Pacific Ocean, where the natives 

 manufacture a large part of their clothing 

 from its bark. It forms a small tree, 

 attaining about twenty or thirty feet high, 

 with a trunk seldom more than a foot in 

 diameter, and generally branching at a 

 short distance from the ground. The 

 young branches are covered with short 

 soft hairs. The leaves are deciduous, and 

 vary very much in shape, those of young 

 trees being frequently divided into three 

 or five sharp-pointed irregular lobes, while 

 those of older trees are mostly entire and 

 of a somewhat egg-shaped outline ; they 

 are very rough upon the upper surface, 

 and slightly hairy beneath, It has distinct 

 male and female flowers produced upon 

 separate trees ; the males being in cylin- 

 drical drooping catkins, each flower grow- 

 ing from the base of a small bract, and 

 having a four-parted calyx and four sta- 

 mens ; while the females are congregated 

 into round heads or balls about the size of 

 marbles, and each have a tubular three or 

 four-toothed calyx, a single style produced 

 from the side of the ovary, and a tapering 

 stigma. They are succeeded by deep-scarlet 

 pulpy fruits, resembling a mulberry in 

 structure, and of a sweetish flavour, but 

 rather insipid. 



The Japanese cultivate this plant very 

 much in the same way that we grow osiers 

 and they use only the young shoots for the 

 manufacture of paper ; these are cut into 

 conveniently sized pieces, and boiled until 

 the bark separates readily from the wood, 

 when it is peeled off and dried for future 

 use. To convert this bark into paper, they 

 proceed in the following manner: — The 

 dried bark is first moistened by soaking 

 for a few hours in water ; all superfluous 

 matter is then removed by scraping witha 



knife, after which the bark is boiled in a 

 ley of wood-ashes until its fibres are 

 thoroughly separated, when it is reduced 

 to a pulp by beating with wooden batons ; 

 this pulp is then mixed with mucilage and 

 spread upon frames made of rushes. The 

 paper thus made is of a whity-brown 

 colour, and very strong ; it is in common 

 use in Japan. Instead of paper, the na- 

 tives of the South Sea Islands manufacture 

 from this bark an exceedingly tough cloth, 

 called tapa or kapa cloth, which they 

 commonly use for clothing, either plain or 

 printed, and dyed of various colours. This 

 cloth is principally made by the women, 

 who adopt the following method of manu- 

 facture:— The bark is first softened by 

 being soaked in water for a considerable 

 length of time : it is then placed upon a 

 log of wood and beaten out with a baton 



Broussonetia papyrifera. 



until it is of the requisite degree of fine- 

 ness : the baton is made of very hard wood, 

 and has four flat sides, each of which is 

 sharply ribbed. Two or four women 

 usually work together, and as they keep 

 time in beating, the noise they make is 

 loud and musical. In some islands, how- 

 ever, another and inferior method is 

 adopted, the bark being placed upon a 

 flat board, and scraped with different kinds 

 of sharp-edged shells while kept constantly 

 wet. By employing mucilage obtained 

 from the arrow-root, the natives join 

 pieces of the cloth together, and Admiral 

 Sir Everard Home states that the King of 

 Tongataboo (one of the Friendly Islands) 

 had a piece made which was two miles long 

 and 120 feet wide. [A. SJ 



BROWALLIA. The name of certain 

 plants belonging to the order of linariads, 

 characterised thus : calyx-teeth unequal ; 

 corolla salver-shaped with a border di- 

 vided into five parts, all of a roundish 

 outline and slightly notched at the tip, 

 one piece broader than the others ; end of 

 the style or appendage of the seed-vessel 

 four-lobed. The genus was named by 

 Linna;us in honour of John Browallius, 

 bishop of Abo, who strenuously supported 



