1S7 



QLty €rea£urii Df 3Batamg. 



[CJEOM 



or five petals, six stamens with ovatefour- 

 cornered anthers, and two ovaries. They 

 are natives of North America. [M. T. MJ 



CABOTZ. Brayera anthelmintica. 



CACALIA. The generic name of plants 

 belonging to the composite order, distin- 

 guished by the flowers being all tubular, 

 and having both stamens and pistils : the 

 heads of flowers surrounded by a single 

 ro w of leaf -like bodies varying from five 

 to thirty in number. The appendage on 

 the top of the fruit or seed is in the form 

 .of a short cone, hairy at the base ; the 

 fruit is oblong and smooth. The species 

 are perennial herbs with the leaves alter- 

 nate, toothed or lobed, and the flowers 

 varying in colour. Most of them are 

 plants of peculiar aspect, owing to their 

 clumsy fleshy stems, and the dingy colour 

 of their leaves. They are natives of the 

 warmer parts of America, middle Asia, 

 and Eastern Africa. The Chinese employ 

 as food the leaves of C. procumbens, and 

 those of C.ficoides, a native of the Cape, 

 are also wholesome. [G. DJ 



CACALIE E'CARLATE. (Fr.) Emilia 

 sonchifolia. 



CACAO or COCOA. The seeds of Tlieo- 

 broma Cacao, which form, or should form, 

 the chief ingredient in chocolate. 



CACHIBOU RESIN. A gum-resin ob- 

 tained from Bursera gummifera. 



CACHRYS. One of the genera of Um- 



beUiferre (Apiacece), deriving its name, it is 

 said, from a Greek word indicative of the 

 hot or carminative properties of the fruit. 

 The prominent characteristics of the 

 genus are : the absence of an involucre ; 

 the margin of the calyx five-toothed or 

 wanting ; entire petals bent inwards at 

 the point : the stylopods or thickened 

 base of the styles not very distinct ; the 

 fruit thick and spongy, each half with five 

 thick ribs, and containing several oil 

 channels in its rind. The species are 

 natives of Southern Europe, Siberia, &c. 

 The Cossacks are said to chew the seeds 

 of C. odordalgica as a remedy for tooth- 

 ache, the effects being due to the saliva- 

 tion they induce. Several species are in 

 cultivation, but are of no particular 

 interest. [M. T. MJ 



CACTACE-E. (Cacti ; Cactew ; Opuntiacew ; 

 ■ ; Indian Figs.) The cactus family, 

 a natural order of calycifloral dicotyledons. 

 They consist of succulent shrubs with re- 

 markable spines clustered on the stems, 

 which are angular two-edged or leafy, 

 and have their woody matter often' ar- 

 ranged in a wedge-like manner. Calyx of 

 numerous sepals, combined and epigynous ; 

 petals numerous ; stamens numerous, with 

 long filaments. Ovary one-celled with 

 parietal placentas ; style single ; stigmas 

 several. Fruit succulent; seeds without 

 albumen. They are natives of America, 

 whence they have been transported to 

 various quarters of the globe. The fruit 

 of many of the Indian Figs is subacid and 



refreshing; in some instances it is sweetish 

 and insipid. The stems of some of the 

 species are eaten by cattle. These stems 

 present very varied forms ; some are 

 spherical, others jointed, others have the 

 form of a tall upright polygonal column. 

 Their succulent character enables them to 

 thrive in arid climates, and some of them 

 have been called vegetable fountains in 

 the desert. A South American species, 

 Cereus peruvianus, has stems thirty to fifty 

 feet high, and one to two feet in diameter ; 

 C. Thurberi has a stem ten to fifteen feet 

 high, and C. Schottii has one eight to ten 

 feet in height. The spines and bristles on a 

 specimen of Echinocactus platyceras were 

 reckoned at 51,000, those of a Pilocereus 

 seiiilis at 72,000. Opuntia vidgaris, the 

 common Prickly Pear, has an edible fruit, 

 and O. cochinellifera, the Nopal plant, sup- 

 plies food to the cochineal insect {Coccus 

 Cacti). The number of known genera is 

 eighteeu,and of species about S00. Illustra- 

 tive genera : Cactus or Cereus, Melocactus, 

 Mammillaria, Opuntia, Pereskia. [J. H . B .] 



| CACTUS. This name includes in popu- 

 lar estimation all the various species 

 referred by botanists to Cereus, Epiph yiium, 

 , Echinocactus, EcMnopsis, Mammillaria, 

 \ and Melocactus ; under which genera their 

 | several peculiarities will be noticed. It is 

 j this old familiar name, sometimes still used 

 ' under the plural form of Cacti, which has 

 i given the title of Cactacece to the family 

 I to which these plants belong. [T. M.] 



I CACTUS, HEDGEHOG. Echinocactus. —, 

 | LEAF. Epiphyllum, — ,MELON-THISTLE. 



Melocactus. —, NIPPLE. Mammillaria. 

 j CADABA. A name applied to a genus of 

 Capparidacece, characterised by a calyx of 

 four sepals, distinct or coherent at the 

 base only ; petals sometimes wanting ; 

 stamens more or less united below ; fruit 

 berry-like, stalked, subtended by a strap- 

 shaped nectary. The plants are natives of 

 Africa, India, and Australia. The root of 

 C. indica is said to be aperient and anthel- 

 mintic. [M. T. M.] 



CADE. (Fr.) Juniperus Oxycedrus. 



CADEN. An Indian name for Phoenix 

 sylvestris. 



CADETIA. A little-known genus of one- 

 leaved epiphytal orchids with the habit of 

 Pleurothallis. Five species are described 

 from the Moluccas and New Guinea. The 

 genus is hardly distinct from BendroMum. 



CADJII GUM. A South American gum 

 obtained from Anacardium occidentale. 



CADUCOUS. Dropping off. 



CiENOPTERIS. A name which has been 

 sometimes adopted for the Barea section 

 of Asplenium : a group of species usually 

 distinguishable by the unisoriferous ulti- 

 mate segments of their fronds. The name 

 has also been given to another fern, now 

 referred to Onychium. [T. M.] 



C/EOMACEI. A term applied to those 

 species of truly parasitic Fungi known 



