C^ERu] 



€i)£ Ersatfurg at Matmiu. 



188 



familiarly under the name of Rust and 

 Mildew, which have naked spores free 

 from dissepiments. They are, however, 

 so closely connected with those with sep- 

 tate spores that it is far more natural to 

 unite them. "We accordingly refer for 

 further information to the article Pucci- 

 niosi. [M. J. B.] 



CERULEUS or' CGERULEUS. Blue ; a 

 pale indigo colour. 



CiESALPINIA. A genus of leguminous 

 plants typical of the section Ccesalpiniece, 

 containing about fifty species, most of 

 which are small trees or large shrubs, 

 inhabiting tropical countries. Their leaves 

 are compound, being what is termed bi- 

 pinnatifld. Their flowers are produced in 

 racemes, and have a top-shaped calyx, 

 divided at the end into Ave parts, the 

 lowest of which is larger than the others ; 

 five unequal stalked petals, the upper one 

 shorter than the rest ; ten stamens, and a 

 long slender style. 



C. coriaria is a small tree twenty or thirty 

 feet high, native of several of the West 

 Indian Islands, Mexico, Venezuela, and 

 North Brazil. The primary divisions of its 

 leaves vary from nine to fifteen, each 

 bearing from sixteen to twenty-four nar- 

 row oblong blunt leaflets, marked with 

 black clots on the under surface. It has 

 branched racemes of white flowers, which 

 produce curiously flattened pods, about 

 two inches long by three-fourths broad, 

 and curved so as to bear some resemblance 

 to the letter S. The large per centage of 

 tannin in these pods renders them exceed- 

 ingly valuable for tanning purposes : they 

 are known in commerce under the names 

 of Divi-divi, Libi-divi, or Libi-dibi, and 

 are chiefly imported from Maracaibo, Pa- 

 raiba, and' St. Domingo. 



C. crista, a native of the "West Indian is- 

 lands, grows about twenty feet high, and has 

 smooth prickly branches, and leaves Avith 

 eight primary divisions, each having from 

 three to Ave pairs of leaflets, which are 

 generally notched at the top, and of an 

 oblong shape, rather broader at the top 

 end. The flowers are yellowish-red, and 

 produce scimitar-shaped pods about three 

 inches long, containing eight or ten seeds. 

 C. echinata is a Brazilian tree with prickly 

 branches, elliptical blunt-pointed leaflets 

 and yellow flowers producing spiny pods. 

 The woods known in commerce as Brazil, 

 Pemambuco, Nicaragua, Lima, and Peach- 

 woods, are said to be produced by this 

 genus, but nothing certain is known upon 

 the subject. They are generally attributed 

 to the two last-named species, and to 

 another called C. brasiliensis (the correct 

 name of which is Peltophorum Linncei), but 

 which is not a native of Brazil. They are 

 all exceedingly valuable to the dyer, pro- 

 ducing various tints of red, orange, and 

 peach-colour. The imports of Brazil wood 

 in 1858 amounted to 1,052 tons, and of 

 Nicaragua wood to 4,767 tons, the aggregate 

 value of which was 133,627Z. 



C. Sappan, an East Indian tree growing 

 about thirty or forty feet high, has 



prickly branches, the primary divisions of 

 the leaves varying from twenty to twenty- 

 four, and having ten or twelve pairs of 

 obliquely oval-shaped leaflets, notched at 

 the tip, with minute dots on the under 

 surface. The brownish-red wood of this 

 tree furnishes the Sappan wood of com- 

 merce, the Bukkuni or "Wukkum of India, 

 from which dyers obtain a red colour, 

 principally used for dyeing cotton goods. 

 Its root also affords an orange-yellow 

 dye. In 1858, 4,116 tons of sappan wood 

 were imported into this country. 



Of other useful species G. Pipai pro- 

 duces pods which possess some astrin- 

 gency, and are called Pipi pods; the 

 seeds of C. digyna, an East Indian climber, 

 yield an oil used for burning in lamps in 

 India ; the roots of C. Nuga are diuretic ; 

 and in China the pods of several species 

 are called Soap pods from their being 

 commonly employed for producing a lather 

 as a substitute for manufactured soap. 

 [A. S.] 



(LESAREA. A genus of Vivianiacece, 

 containing but few species, all of them 

 natives of Southern Brazil. They are 

 slender herbs one to three feet high, with 

 opposite, or, towards the base of the stem, 

 verticillate leaves, having serrate margins, 

 generally smooth above, and covered with 

 white down underneath. The flowers are 

 axillary towards the ends of the branch- 

 lets, white, yellow, or of a reddish colour. 

 None of the species are in cultivation, 

 although they would be pretty greenhouse 

 plants. The genus bears the name of 

 Cesar de S. Hilaire, a captain in the French 

 navy, who first introduced the Mocha 

 coffee to Bourbon. [A. A. B.] 



C^ESIA. A genus of Liliacew, contain- 

 ing herbs from Australia and Tasmania, 

 with fasciculate roots of ten with thickened 

 tuberous fibres, grass-like radical leaves, 

 and rather small white or blue flowers in 

 simple or compound racemes. Perianth 

 six-parted, the segments petaloid and 

 spirally twisted after flowering ; stamens 

 six:, with glabrous filaments ; ovary three- 

 celled, with two ovules in each cell ; 

 capsule sometimes one-celled ; seeds with 

 an appendage at the base. [J. T. SJ 



C^ESIUS. Lavender colour. 



OESPITOSE. Growing in tufts or 

 patches. 



OESULIA. The only species of this 

 genus, C. axillaris, which belongs to the 

 composite family, grows in moist places 

 in many parts of India, and is a small 

 weed with alternate linear toothed leaves, 

 and what appear to be single sessile flower- 

 heads, but which are in reality a number of 

 flower-heads enclosed in a common involu- 

 cre, each of them containing only one floret 

 and provided with a two-leaved involucre, 

 the lower part of which at length unites 

 with, and forms part of the achene, the 

 upper portions remaining free and giving 

 the achene an eared appearance. The 

 florets are purple or white. [A. A. B.J 



