mosques and similar buildings in the N. \ 

 of Africa. [M. T. M.] 



CALLIXEXE. A genus of Liliacece, con- 

 1 raining branched under-shrubs from extra- 

 tropical South Am erica, with the base knot- 

 . ted, scaly, and leafless, the upper part with 

 I alternate half-clasping elliptical leathery 

 leaves with thickened margins.and terminal 

 or axillary flowers on short peduncles. The j 

 : perianth is six-parted, coloured red, the 

 i three inner segments with two glands at j 

 the base ; stamens six ; style thick ; berry 

 small, three-celled, with two or three seeds 

 in each cell. [J. T. S.] 



CALLOGRAMMA. A name given by 

 Professor Fee to Syngramma alismcefolia. 



CALLOSO-SERRATE. When serratures 

 are callosities. 



C ALL UNA. The true ' Heather ' of Scot- 

 land, called also Ling and Common Heath. 

 A low much-branching tufted shrub, dis- 

 tinguished from Erica by having a calyx 

 of four coloured leaves concealing a bell- 

 shaped corolla, and accompanied by four 

 bracts resembling an outer calyx, the true 



. heaths having a calyx of four green leaves. 

 Calluna derives its name from the Greek 

 calluno, to ' cleanse or adorn,' an appropri- 

 ate name, whether taken in reference to 

 the use to which heather-brooms are 

 applied, or to the exquisite beauty of its 

 flowers. By this plant much of the moor- 

 land scenery of Great Britain is redeemed 

 from utter sterility ; for being indifferent 

 to soil and capable of enduring a low tem- 

 perature and the most parching winds, it 

 everywhere finds itself a home, and when 

 it has attained a moderate size hospitably 

 affords shelter to other plants some- 

 what less hardy than itself. To red and 

 black grouse it affords not only shelter 

 but food, since both these birds are 

 in the habit of concealing themselves 

 among its branches and of feeding on its 

 tender shoots ; and it is no less serviceable 

 to the mountain hare (Lepus variabilis*. 

 The moorland sportsman is therefore in- 

 debted to this plant for no small portion of 

 his amusement. It is also much employed 

 as fuel, for thatching houses, weaving into 



I fences, covering underground drains ; and 

 a thick layer forms a by no means des- 

 picable bed. The flowers abound in honey, 



! and are much frequented by bees. In 

 various parts of Scotland and the north of 

 England, bee-hives are carried, in the 

 beginning of August, from the cultivated 

 to the heathy districts, for the sake of the 

 flowers, where they are allowed to remain 

 two or three months, and are brought back 

 in the autumn. Heather is a plant of 

 slow growth, but very durable on this 

 account ; and because it is patient of any 

 amount of clipping it is not unfrequently 

 used as an edging in gardens instead of 

 box. In the common form of the plant 

 the flowers are purplish red, but varieties 

 are cultivated in which this colour is 

 replaced by crimson or white. Another 

 variety with double flowers is well worthy 

 of cultivation. The tint of the foliage 



varies considerably, being pale green, pur- 

 plish, or hoary with down. In all the 

 varieties the flowers retain their form and 

 position long after they have ceased to 

 perform their functions. Ling is abundant 

 in all the moorland countries of almost 

 the whole of Europe. It is the badge of 

 the clan McDonell. French, Bruyere 

 commune ; German, Heide. [C. A. J.] 



CALLUS (adj. CALLOSUS). A hardened 

 part ; anything which has acquired unusual 

 hardness and toughness ; also used in the 

 sense of verruca; also the hymenium of 

 certain fungals. 



CALOCEPHALTJS. A genus of the com- 

 posite family found in Australia and Tas- 

 mania. The three known species are 

 slender herbs one to three feet high, with 

 opposite linear entire leaves, one to three 

 inches long, and covered, like all parts of 

 the plant, with white appressed down. 

 The flower-heads are in dense round clus- 

 ters, at the ends of the branches, each 

 head containing three florets. In C. lacteus 

 the flower-heads are white, and in C. 

 citreus they are lemon-coloured. [A. A. B.] 



CALOCHILUS campestris is a slender 

 leafy-stemmed Australian orchid with tes- 

 ticulate roots and nearly closed greenish 

 flowers, the tip of which is deeply clothed 

 with long delicate hairs. C. herbaceus, 

 supposed to be a second species, is regarded 

 by Hooker as a mere form of the other. 



CALOCHORTUS. A genus of beautiful 

 bulbous plants belonging to the Liliacece, 

 and closely allied to Cyclobothra, from 

 which it differs in being destitute of a 

 honey-pit on the segments of the perianth, 

 and in having flat smooth instead of 

 roundish angular seeds. They have tuni- 

 cated bulbs, and produce rigid ensiform 

 leaves, and an erect scape supporting a few 

 large showy flowers which are racemosely 

 arranged and remain open for several 



Calochortus venustus. 



days. The perianth is deciduous, six- 

 leaved, the three outer or calycine divi- 

 sions linear and beardless, the three inner 

 petaloid, very much larger and broader 



