203 



€f)e Erea^urj? of 33fltang. 



[CALY 



notched leaves, heart-shaped at the base, 

 and conspicuous bright yellow flowers, 

 each of which is composed of five roundish 

 petals or sepals. It flowers freely from 

 May to August, and is a native almost 

 throushout the whole of Europe, as well 

 as of Western Asia and North America, in 

 marshy meadows and about the margins of 

 ponds, rivers, and brooks. One of its rustic 

 names is May-Blobs. The flowers, if 

 gathered before they expand, are said to be 

 a good substitute for capers. The juice of 

 the petals boiled with alum stains paper 

 yellow. A double-flowered variety is 

 commonly cultivated in gardens, and the 

 wild plant is liable to several variations, 

 dependent on soil and situation. Several 

 , foreign species are enumerated by botan- 

 | ists, all of which are natives of marshes 

 or shallow water, and more or less approach 

 C. palustris in habit. The Caltha of the 

 Latin poets is considered to be the com- 

 mon garden marigold. French, Populage ; 

 German, Sumpf-dotter-blume. [C. A. J.] 



CALTROPS. The common name for 

 Tribulus. —, "WATER. That of Trapa. 



CALUMBA, CALOMBA, or COLOMBO. 

 The root of Cocculus palmatus, now called 

 Jateorhiza palmata. — , FALSE or AMERI- 

 CAN. The root of Frasera Walteri. 



CALVUS. Quite naked ; bald ; having no 

 hairs, or other such processes. 



CALYBIO, CALYBIUM. A hard one- 

 celled inferior dry fruit, seated in a cupule ; 

 as an acorn, or a hazel-nut. 



CALYCANTHACE.E (.Calycanths). The 

 Carolina Allspice family, a natural order of 

 calycifloral dicotyledons belonging to 

 Lindley's rosal alliance. Shrubs with 

 square stems having four woody axes 

 surrounding the central one, opposite 

 entire leaves without stipules, and solitary 

 lurid flowers. Calyx of numerous coloured 

 sepals compounded with the petals, and all 

 united below with a fleshy tube bearing 

 numerous stamens on its rim ; outer 

 stamens opening outwardly, inner ones 

 barren. Ovaries several, one-celled, ad- 

 herent to the calycine tube ; ovules one to 

 two. Fruit consisting of achenes inclosed 

 by the calyx ; seeds without albumen. 

 Natives of North America and Japan. 

 Their flowers have an aromatic fragrance, 

 and their bark is sometimes used as a 

 carminative against flatulence. The bark 

 of Calycanthus floridus, Carolina Allspice, 

 is used as a substitute for cinnamon. 

 There are two known genera, viz., Caly- 

 canthus of America, and Chijnonanthus of 

 Japan, comprising six species. [J. H. B.] 



CALYCANTHUS. A genus giving its 

 name to the family Calycantkaceae, and 

 composed of N. American shrubs with 

 opposite oval or ovate lanceolate entire 

 leaves, generally rough on the surface; 

 axillary or terminal solitary stalked flowers 

 made up of a great number of lurid purple- 

 coloured narrow sepals and petals; and 

 very numerous stamens, inserted on the 



mouth of the calyx-tube, which bears on its 

 inner hollow surface numerous achenes, 

 each with one or two seeds. C. floridus is 

 a native of many parts of the United 

 States, where it is called Carolina Allspice, 

 or Sweet-scented shrub. Its wood and 

 roots have a camphoric smell, and the 

 aromatic bark is said to render it useful as 

 a substitute for cinnamon in the United 

 States. The flowers and leaves have a 

 scent resembling that of the quince. This 

 species and the following are often to be 

 met with in English gardens. Some of its 

 varieties are scentless, and it varies much 

 in the form and pubescence of the leaves 

 as well as in the colour of the flowers. 

 These varieties have by some authors been 

 considered as species. C. occidenialis, the 

 only other species, is a native of California. 

 It differs chiefly from the Carolina Allspice 

 in its long flower-stalks, and the cordate 

 base of the leaves. Its flowers are more 

 than three inches across when fully ex- 

 panded. [A. A. B.] 



CALYCERACE.E (Boopidece). The Calyce- 

 ra family, a natural order of gamopetalous 

 calycifloral dicotyledons included in Lind- 

 ley's campanal alliance. Herbs with alter- 

 nate leaves without stipules, and with 

 flowers collected in heads. Calyx superior, 

 of five unequal divisions ; corolla regular, 

 funnel-shaped, with a five-divided limb ; 

 stamens five, their filaments united, as well 

 as the lower part of the anthers. Ovary 

 one-celled; style smooth; stigma capitate. 

 Fruit an achene, usually crowned by the 

 rigid spiny segments of the calyx. The 

 order occupies an intermediate place be- 

 tween Composite and Dipsaeaeea?, differing 

 from theformer in their seed, which is pen- 

 dulous and albuminous as in Dipsacacece, 

 and from the latter in their anthers being 

 united around the style as in composites. 

 There are about twenty species, distributed 

 into six or eight genera. They are natives of 

 South America, found chiefly on the Andes 

 of Chili ; two species extend to the Cordil- 

 lera of Peru ; three are found near the 

 straits of Magalhaens ; seven in the 

 eastern part of S. America, near the Rio 

 Plata ; and one from Rio Janeiro, as far as 

 Bahia. . The plants do not possess any 

 marked qualities. Illustrative genera : 

 Boopis, Calycera, Acicarpha. [J. H. BJ 



CALYCERA. This genus gives the 

 name to the family to which it belongs. 

 It is confined to South America, and the 

 species are mostly found on the Cordillera 

 of Chili. They are small annual or 

 perennial herbs, four to eight inches high ; 

 the leaves alternate oblong toothed or 

 pinnatifld, and generally smooth : the 

 flower-heads single terminal and shortly 

 stalked. The genus differs from the others 

 in the family by the presence of two sorts 

 of flowers in the same head, the one set 

 with the calycine teeth flattened and 

 produced into spinous points after flower- 

 ing, the other not so. The achenes are 

 free and seated on a broad depressed 

 receptacle. The few species are only 

 interesting to the botanist. [A. A. B.] 



