213 



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[CANN 



dace : stamens polyadelphous : style thread- 

 ; like ; carpels two to Ave, ovate. [J. T. S.] 



The name Candollea was also given by 

 • Mirbel to a group of Polypodium-like Ferns, 



now included in Niphobolus. 



CANDYTUFT. Any species of Iberis. 



CANE. A common commercial name for 

 the stems of various grasses, palms, &c, 

 — , BAMBOO. Bambum arundinacea. — , 

 DRAGON. A kind of Rattan Cane. — , 



I DUMB. Dieffenbachia seguina. —, GREAT 



1 RATTAN. Calamus rudentum. — .GROUND 

 RATTAN. Rhapis flab elli for mis. — , MA- 

 LACCA. The stem of Calamus scipionum, 

 imported for making walking-sticks. — , 

 RATTAN. Calamus Rotang and its forms, 

 now called C.Royleanus, C. Roxburghii, &c. 

 — , REED. The stem of some grass often 

 forty feet long, from New Orleans, largely 



i imported for making weavers' shuttles. 



I — , SWEET. Andropogon Calamus aroma- 

 ticus. — , SUGAR. Saccharum officinarum. 



\ — , TOBAGO. The stem of Bactris minor, 

 imported for walking-sticks. 



CANE-BRAKE. The common name for 

 Arundinaria. 



CANELLACE^E. Two or perhaps three, 

 "West Indian or tropical American aromatic 

 shrubs, constituting the two genera CaraeWa 

 . and Cinnamodendron, differ in so many re- 

 spects from the several orders with which 

 they have been compared, that it has been 

 proposed to class them as a distinct family 

 under the name of Canellaceo?. Their aro- 

 matic properties and the structure of their 

 seeds have induced an approximation to j 

 WinterecB fa tribe of Mag noli ace ce), from ! 

 1 which, however, their flowers and ovary : 



widely remove them. The stamens, united 



: in a column, with the anthers sessile on | 



the outside, have suggested an affinity 



with Guttifero?, Ternstromiacece, or even 



Sterculiacem ; but, upon the whole, it is 



, probably with Bixacem and tneir allies 



1 that Canellacea? have the nearest con- 



| nection. They agree with them in their 



| one-celled ovary, with parietal placentas, 



and they show no marked discrepancy 



I in their foliage, flowers, fruit, or seed, 



except that the albumen is firmer, with 



a smaller embryo. 



CANELLA. The tree yielding Canella 



bark has been placed in various natural 



groups by different writers. The characters 



of the genus, in brief, are the presence of 



three overlapping sepals ; five petals ; 



twenty stamens united below, and having 



narrow anthers; a one-celled ovary, with 



two or three pendulous ovules. The tree 



is a native of the West Indies, and furnishes 



; a pale orange coloured bark, with an aro- 



] matic odour, which is used as a tonic. The 



; negroes of the West Indies use it as a 



: spice. The plant is frequently grown in 



botanic gardens. [M. T. M.] 



CANELLA DE CHEIRO. The volatile 

 oil of Oreodaphne opifera. 



CANESCENS. Greyish-white ; hoary. A 

 term applied to hairy surfaces. 



CANI. The sun-dried tubers of the Oca, 

 Oxalis tuberosa. 



CANKER. A disease resulting in the 

 slow decay of trees, or other plants 

 attacked by it. See Carcixodes. [M.J.B.] 



CANKRIENIA. A genus of Primulacece, i 

 containing a single species from Java, a 

 very beautiful Alpine plant, with erect ' 

 radical leaves, often half a foot in diame- j 

 ter, verticillate nodding flowers, and erect ! 

 fruit. The calyx is five-toothed and cup- I 

 shaped ; the corolla is funnel-shaped, with j 

 a flve-lobed limb ; the five stamens, with i 

 short filaments, are inserted in the throat i 

 of the corolla opposite to its divisions ; 

 the ovary is globose with a rayed apex ; 

 the included style remains on the fruit, 

 which is a globular capsule, containing 

 numerous angular seeds. [W. C] 



CANNABINACE^E. (Cannabinece, Hemp- 

 worts, the Hemp family.) A natural order 

 of monochlamydeous dicotyledons, be- 

 longing to Lindley's urtical alliance. 

 Rough-stemmed herbs with watery sap, 

 alternate and lobed leaves having stipules, 

 and small inconspicuous flowers. The 

 plants have some flowers with stamens 

 without pistils, and others with pistils 

 without stamens. The staminate flowers 

 are in clusters called racemes or panicles ; 

 calyx herbaceous and scaly ; stamens few, 

 opposite the sepals; filaments filiform. 

 Pistillate flowers in spikes or cones, with 

 a single sepal ; a one-celled ovary containing 

 a solitary pendulous ovule; stigmas two. 

 Fruit a single-seeded nut ; embryo hooked 

 or spiral, without albumen. The plants 

 are natives of the temperate parts of the 

 northern hemisphere in the Old World. 

 They possess narcotic qualities and yield 

 valuable fibres. Hemp is the produce of 

 Cannabis sativa. It is imported in large 

 quantities from Russia. The plant grows 

 in the cooler parts of India, and there 

 developes narcotic qualities. These pro- 

 perties seem to reside in the Churrus or 

 resin which covers the leaves. The names 

 of Bhang, Gunjah, and Haschisch are given 

 to the dried plant in different states. 

 What are called Hemp seeds, used for the 

 food of birds, are in reality Hemp fruits, 

 each containing a single seed. Hamulus 

 Lnpulus, the Hop, another important plant 

 of the order, possesses both tonic and 

 hypnotic properties, i. e. a power of indu- 

 cing sleep. The scales of the hop-heads are 

 covered with resinous matter, which has 

 an aromatic odour. There are two genera 

 in the order, viz., Cannabis and Humvlus, 

 and two species. [J. H. B.] 



CANNABINE. A narcotic gum-resin 

 obtained from the Hemp, Cannabis sativa. 



CANNABIS. The Hemp-plant, C. sativa, 

 which is the solitary species of the genus, 

 is the type of the Cannabinacew. It is a 

 native of India and Persia, and is generally 

 cultivated, although it is only in hot dry 

 climates that it forms the resin which 

 gives it such value in the estimation of 

 the natives, apart from its fibre-producing 



