227 



Ctjc Crea^urg of 9Satanj). 



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oblong anthers affixed by the base; the 

 style is thick furrowed, triangular, more 

 slender upwards, terminated by a trifld 

 recurved fimbriated stigma, [T. MJ 



CAE.POMANTA. This affection, some- 

 times called Phytolithes, is scarcely a 

 disease, for the grittiness of pears, medlars, 

 quinces, dc. which the term has in view, 

 is a condition which always exists, and the 

 efforts of the gardener to reduce it as much 

 as possible, are rather efforts to create a 

 disease than to cure one. Grittiness de- 

 pends upon the deposit of layer after layer 

 of new matter within certain cells, till 

 they become hard like stone. Cultivation 

 has a tendency to make the fruit more 

 juicy, but seldom if ever wholly prevents 

 the formation of these stony cells. In the 

 warm climate of Italy quinces are often so 

 full of them as to become uneatable. A 

 variety is said to exist in Chili completely 

 free from grittiness, but this requires con- 

 firmation. [M. J. B.] 



CARPOMORPHA. Those parts in cryp- 

 togamic plants which resemble true fruits 

 without being such receive this name. The 

 spores of lichens. 



CARPOPHORUM. The stalk of the 

 pistil above or beyond the stamens. 



CARPOPHYLLUM. The same as Carpel. 



CARPOPODIUM. A fruit-stalk. 



CARPOPTOSIS. After the fruit is well- 

 formed and impregnation has taken place, 

 its progress is often suddenly arrested and 

 J after a short time it falls off. This fre- 

 i quently depends upon the fact that more 

 | fruit is set than the tree is equal to nourish, 

 and the failure of the crop is in consequence 

 i either total or partiaL If again the supply 

 of nourishment is too great, from want of 

 I root-pruning or from any other cause, the 

 ! demands of the young shoots are often 

 such that the sap is diverted from the 

 fruit, which consequently perishes. In 

 Italy the rice crops are often somewhat 

 similarly affected. In this case, however, 

 the grain acquires a certain degree of ma- 

 turity, though not its perfect condition, 

 and is so slightly attached to the mother- 

 plant that the slightest breeze shakes it off. 

 It is not a mere case of over-ripeness, 

 which, as in our own corn crops, may be 

 avoided by early reaping. [M. J. B.] 



CARPOST05IIIDI. The opening into 

 the spore-case of algals. 



CARRADORIA. A genus of Globulariacem 

 containing a single species, a native of the 

 Italian mountains. It is a glabrous herba- 

 ceous plant, with small scattered leaves. 

 The flowers grow in a terminal head ; the 

 calyx is subequal ; the upper lip of the 

 corolla is simple and linear, and shorter 

 than the lower lip ; there is no nectary ; 

 the stigma is simple and the scales and 

 paleas of the involucre are persistent. In 

 other respects it resembles GWmlaria, 

 from which it has been but recently separ- 

 ated. [W.C.] 



CARRAGEEN. Chonclrus crispus ; also 

 written Carageen, under which name its 

 properties are noticed. 



CARRIA. The name sometimes given 

 to a beautiful Ceylon tree, of the tea family 

 {Ternstrijmiacece). It attains a height of 

 forty to fifty feet, and has entire sessile 

 leaves, which are smooth, of a leathery 

 texture, and elliptical in form ; they vary 

 from three to four inches in length, and 

 one to two and a half in breadth. The fine 

 large blood-coloured flowers proceed from 

 the axils of the upper leaves, and are a 

 good deal like those of some single-flow- 

 ered camellias. The plant is now generally 

 known as Gordonia speciosa. [A. A. BJ 



CARRION-FLOWER. A common gar- 

 den name for Stapelia. Also an American 

 name for Smilax herbacea. 



CARROT. Daucus Carota, the garden 

 form of which furnishes the well-known 

 esculent root. — , CANDY or CRETAN. 

 Athamanta cretensis. — , ■ DEADLY. A 

 common name for Thapsia. — , NATIVE. 

 A name given in Tasmania to the tubers 

 of Geranium parviflorum. 



CARROT TREE. Monizia edulis. 



APPLE. 



Punica 



CARTHAGINIAN 

 G r ranatum. 



CARTHAME MACULE.' (Fr.) Silybum 

 Marianum. 



CARTHAMUS. A small genus of compo- 

 | sites, containing two annual species whose 

 flowers grow in heads at the ends of the 

 i branches, and are surrounded by numerous 

 : leafy bracts (involucre) in numerous rows, 

 the outermost row being broad and spread- 

 ing out flat, with their edges spiny, the 

 middle ones more upright, of an ovalform, 

 and surmounted by an egg-shaped appen- 

 I dage with spiny edges, and the innermost 

 much narrower, quite upright, with their 

 edges entire, but terminated by a sharp 

 spiny point. Each flower is perfect, and 

 has an orange or yellow corolla longer than 

 ; the involucre, their lower part being 

 ] imbedded in a dense mass of fringed 

 scales and hairs, but the chief characte- 

 i ristic consists in the absence of the 

 bristles, technically termed pappus. The 

 Safflower plant, or Bastard Saffron (C. 

 tinctorius), the Koosumbha of India and 

 Hoang-tchi of China, is extensively culti- 

 vated in India, China, and other parts of 

 Asia, also in Egypt and Southern Europe; 

 but its native country is unknown. It 

 grows about two or three feet high, with 

 a stiff upright whitisn stem, branching 

 near the top ; and has oval, spiny, sharp- 

 pointed leaves, scattered upon, and their 

 bases half-clasping, the stem. Its fruits 

 are about the size of barleycorns, somewhat 

 four-sided, white and shining, like little 

 shells. Under thename of Safflower, 11,934 

 cwts. of the flowers of this plant, made up 

 into flat circular cakes about the size of 

 half-crowns, were imported to this country, 

 principally from India, and valued at 

 105,C73L Safflower contains two colouring 



