matters, yellow and red, the latter being 

 that for which it is most valued. It is 

 chiefly used for dyeing silk, affording 

 various shades of pink, rose, crimson and 

 scarlet. Mixed with finely-powdered talc 

 it forms the well-known substance called 

 rouge. Another common use of saffiower 

 is for adulterating saffron, a more expen- 

 sive dye stuff. The seeds yield an oil much 

 used in India for burning and for culinary 

 purposes. [A. S.] 



CARTILAGINOUS. Hard and tough, 

 like the skin of an apple-seed, or a piece of 

 parchment. 



CARTONEMA. The generic name of 

 one of the spiderworts, characterised by 

 having the filaments of the stamens 

 without any hairs, but somewhat rough ; 

 the style or appendage on the seed-vessel 

 thread-like, and bearded at the end. The 

 name is from the Greek, and indicates the 

 bare or shorn stamens. The only known 

 species is C. spicatum, a native of New 

 Holland, a plant covered with scattered 

 hairs, the stem slightly branched, the 

 leaves long and narrow, the flowers blue, 

 arranged in spikes. [G. D.] 



CARUM. A genus of Apiacece or 

 UmbellifercB, of some importance as pro- 

 ducing the Caraway fruits, or seeds as they 

 are improperly termed. The plants have 

 finely cut leaves, and compound umbels, 

 which in the true Caraway have but few 

 bracts surrounding them, or sometimes 

 none at all ; petals broad, with a point bent 

 inwards ; fruit oval, curved, with five ribs, 

 and one or more channels for volatile oil 

 under each furrow. The Caraway, C. 

 Carui, is cultivated in Essex and else- 

 where, and may occasionally be found in a 

 half wild condition. The fruits are used 

 for flavouring as they contain an aromatic 

 volatile oil. [M. T. M.] 



CARUNCULA (adj. CARTJNCFLATE, 

 CARUNCULAR). A wart or protuberance 

 round or near the hilum of a seed. 



CARUNCULARIA. A generic name 

 given to a few plants from the Cape of 

 Good Hope, separated by Haworth from 

 Stapelia, but with characteristics scarcely 

 sufficient to establish a new genus. It is 

 consequently used to characterise that 

 section of the genus Stapelia which is 

 distinguished by having the staminal 

 corona consisting of five spreading emar- 

 ginate leaflets, with five bifid fleshy clavate 

 appendages in the interior. ["W. C] 



CARITTO. The lana dye, a permanent 

 bluish-black obtained in British Guiana 

 from the fruits of Genipa americana. 



CARVA. Billbergia variegata. 



CARYL (Fr.) Carum Carui. 



CARTA. The generic name of the 

 Hickory trees of America, a genus belong- 

 ing to the order Juglandaceae, and at one 

 time included with the walnuts under the 

 name of Juglans, from which it is dis- 

 tinguished by having the male catkins 



produced in threes from a single stalk, 

 each flower having a three-parted calyx, 

 and not more than six stamens ; and 

 by the female flowers being destitute of a 

 corolla, and having their f our-lobed stigmas 

 sessile upon the ovary. The husk of the 

 fruit, also, splits into four equal-sized 

 pieces, instead of irregularly as in Juglans. 

 There are about a dozen species, all of 

 thein natives of North America, forming 

 large forest trees. Their timber is coarse- 

 grained, of great strength and toughness, 

 and very heavy ; but as it does not bear 

 exposure to the weather, and is extremely 

 liable to the attacks of insects, it is 

 i not suitable for building or similar pur- 

 poses. It is, however, much used where 

 toughness and elasticity are requh-ed, such 

 as for barrel-hoops, press-screws, axe- 

 handles, handspikes, &c, and common des- 

 criptions of furniture are also made of 

 it. The nuts of some species are eatable, 

 and resemble but do not equal our walnuts. 

 I The Shell-bark, Scaly-bark, or Shag-bark 

 | Hickory, C. alba, is so called in consequence 

 of its rough shaggy bark peeling off in 

 long narrow strips. It is common through- 

 out the Alleghany mountains from Carolina 

 to New Hampshire, forming a tree eighty 

 or ninety feet in height, with a trunk about 

 two feet in diameter. Its leaves are about 

 twenty inches long, and are composed of 

 five or seven oblong sharp-pointed leaflets, 

 which are hairy beneath, and have sharply 

 saw-toothed edges. The fruit is nearly 

 round, and has an excessively thick rind, 

 enclosing a small white hard-shelled nut, 

 slightly flattened upon two sides, and 

 marked by four elevated angular ridges. 

 These nuts stand second in point of flavour 

 among the hickories, and small quantities 

 of them are sometimes sent to this 

 country. The Bitter-nut or Swamp Hickory, 

 C. amara, produces small and somewhat 

 egg-shaped fruits, having a thin fleshy 

 rind, which never becomes hard and woody 

 like that of the others ; the nut is nearly- 

 round, flat-topped, and tipped with a short 

 sharp point ; its kernel is extremely bitter, 

 and is not eaten by any kind of animal. 

 The Peccan or Illinois-nut Hickory, C. 

 olivceformis, is a common tree on the banks 

 of the Ohio and Mississippi, attaining a 

 height of sixty or seventy feet; having 

 leaves from a foot to eighteen inches in 

 length, composed of six or seven pairs of 

 leaflets with an odd one, each leaflet being 

 about three inches long, egg-shaped and 

 tapering to a point, and having its edge 

 finely serrated. The nuts of this species 

 are enclosed in a thin woody husk, and are 

 of a light-brown colour, shaped like an 

 olive, and indistinctly marked by four 

 slightly raised longitudinal ridges. They 

 are much superior in flavour to those of 

 the rest of the genus, and are occasionally 

 to be met with in English fruit-shops. 

 A A^ery palatable oil is obtained from them 

 by pressure. The Pig or Hog-nut, or 

 Broom Hickory, C. porcina, is a noble tree 

 seventy or eighty feet high, with a trunk 

 upwards of a yard in diameter. Its wood 

 is considered superior to that of the other 



