and Borassus flabcUiformis), and a particu- 

 lar caste of natives are called jaggeraros, 

 on account of their being solely employed 

 in the preparation of this article. Another 

 valuable substance supplied by this tree is 



§a, 



^- 



Caryota urens. 



saeo ; it is prepared from the central or 

 pithy part of the trunk, and is considered 

 to be quite as good and nutritious as ordi- 

 nary sago. When made into bread or gruel 

 it forms a large part of the food of the 

 natives. The fibre obtained from the leaf- 

 stalks, called kittul or kitool fibre, possesses 

 great strength, and is used for making 

 ropes, brushes, brooms, baskets, &c. ; and 

 a woolly kind of scurf scraped off the leaf- 

 stalks is used for caulking boats. The 

 outside part of the stem furnishes a small 

 quantity of hard wood. [A. SJ 



CASCA D'AXTA. The Brazilian name 

 for the aromatic bark of Drimys grana- 

 tensis. 



CASCA DE LARANGEIRA DA TERRA. 

 The Brazilian name for a bark supposed to 

 be that of Usenbeckia febrifuga. 



CASCA PRECIOSA. The Portuguese 

 name for Mespilodaphne pretiosa. 



CASCARA DE LINGUE. A Mexican 

 tree bark. 



CASCARA DE PINGTJE. An astringent 

 Mexican drug, supposed to be obtained 

 from a species of Curcuma. 



The aromatic bark of 



CA3CARILLA. 

 Croton Eleutheria. 



CASCARILLA. A name applied by 



"Weddell and other botanists to a eenus of 

 C'vnchonacece, closely allied to the genus 

 Cinchona, but distinguished from it by the 

 fruit splitting into two halves from above 

 down wards, instead of in the reverse man- 

 ner, as in Cinchona, and— which is ol more 

 practical importance— by its not containing 

 any of those chemical ingredients which 



1 render Cinchona so valuable. The shrubs 

 are natives of Peru and Brazil. See also 

 Ceotox. [M.T.M.] 



CASE ARIA. A large genus of Samydacece, 

 the species of which are found more or 

 less abundant in all tropical countries, but 

 principally in South America. They are 

 small trees or shrubs, with alternate entire 

 or serrated leaves, which in the greater 

 number of the species are furnished with 

 a mixture of round or linear pellucid dots', 

 which can be seen with the aid of a lens, 

 by holding the leaf between the eye and 

 a good light, and serve to distinguish 

 the plants of this genus from those of any 

 other family with which they are likely to 

 be confounded. The flowers are small, 

 white, green, or rose-coloured, generally 

 arranged in little umbels or corymbs, but 

 sometimes sessile. The calyx is of four 

 or five divisions ; the petals wanting ; the 

 stamens are two, three, or four times as 

 many as the calyx segments, and often the 

 alternate ones are without anthers, and 

 have commonly a tuft of hair in their 

 place. The fruit is a one-celled fleshy cap- 

 sule, containing few or many seeds. 



C. ulmifolia, a native of Brazil, is used 

 in that country as a remedy against snake 

 bites. The Brazilians make a drink from 

 the juice of the leaves, and apply the leaves 

 themselves to the wounds. M. St. Hilaire 

 asserts that this remedy has been employed 

 with success against the bites of the most 

 venomous serpents. C. resinifera has the 

 young flowers enveloped in tears of a 

 greenish resin, which, according to Spruce, 

 is much used for killing cats and dogs ; 

 while another species, the Pao de rato of 

 the Portuguese, is said to be poisonous to 

 cattle. According to the same authority, 

 C. javitensis is a constant constituent of 

 all forests of recent growth, from the 

 Amazon's mouth to the Orinoco ; its habit 

 is more or less corymbose, and the smooth 

 glossy leaves in size and form somewhat 

 like those of the Spanish chestnut. 



C. esculenta, a native of the Circar 

 Mountains of India, has purgative roots, 

 which are used by the hill people, who 

 also eat the leaves in stews. The bark 

 of C. astringens is used in Brazil for poul- 

 tices in cases of imperfectly healed ulcers, 

 and is said to be wonderfully efficacious as 

 a cleanser and stimulant of the raw flesh. 

 The leaves of C. Lingua, a Brazilian species, 

 are used in decoction in cases of fever or in- 

 ternal inflammation, while those of C. can- 

 zeala, an Indian species, are used in medi- 

 cated baths, and all the parts of the tree 

 have a bitter taste. Nearly 100 species are 

 enumerated. [A. A. B.] 



CASHAW. Prosopisjuli flora. 



CASHEW NUT. The seed of Anacar- 

 dium occidentals 



CASIMIROA. A Mexican genus belong- 

 ing to the Aurantiaceae, among which it is 

 remarkable for its green-coloured flowers, 

 which are borne in racemes ; and by its 

 five distinct stamens, whose filaments are 



