cave] 



€l)C QLttzguxv of, Nolans. 



242 



CAVERN FERN. A name given in some 

 books to Antrophyum. 



CAVERNULI. The pores of certain fun- 

 gals. 



CAVITAS. The perithecium of certain 

 fungals. 



" CAVUS. The peridium of certain fun- 

 gals. — SUPERUS. The hymeuium of 

 certain fungals, 



CAXAPORA DO GENTIO. A Brazilian 

 name for Terminalia argentea. 



CAYENNE PEPPER. The dried pow- 

 dered fruits of various species of Capsicum. 

 Miller calls it Cayan Pepper. 



CEANOTHUS. Red root. A genus of 

 shrubby plants belonging to the order 

 Bharanacece, allied to Euonymus, with 

 which it agrees in having a three-celled 

 three-seeded pericarp, but the seeds are 

 not enclosed in a membrane (arillus). 

 C. americanus, the species most commonly 

 cultivated in English gardens, is a native 

 of N. America, a shrub from two to four 

 feet high, with downy leaves and stems, 

 and small white flowers, which, being pro- 

 duced in great numbers, are very orna- 

 mental. They appear in June and July, | 

 and are succeeded by bluntly triangular 

 seed-vessels. In America it is commonly 

 known by the name of New Jersey tea, the 

 leaves having been formerly used for the 

 same purpose as those of the Chinese tea- 

 plant, and for which it formed a general 

 substitute during the War of Indepen- 

 dence. In Canada it is used for dyeing 

 wool of a nankin or cinnamon colour. 

 Many other species are cultivated, and some 

 of remarkable beauty, which have been 

 introduced of late years, are amongst 

 the finest of half-hardy shrubs. The En- 

 glish name has reference to their large red 

 roots. [C. A. J.] 



CEBADILLA, CEVADILLA. The seeds 

 of Asagrcea officinalis, from which veratria 

 is obtained. 



CECROPIA. A genus of large-leaved 

 soft-wooded milky trees, native of tropical 

 South America, and belonging to the order 

 of artocarpads. The flowers are extremely 

 minute, and are arranged upon short cy- 

 lindrical spikes, several of which (some- 

 times as many as sixty) are enclosed within 

 a large bract, which, however, soon falls 

 away ; their calyx is tubular, and rather 

 thicker in the females than the males, the 

 males containing two stamens, and the 

 females a free ovary and short style ter- 

 minated by a brush-like stigma. The latter 

 are succeeded by short spikes of small 

 fleshy one-seededf ruits. Upwards of twenty- 

 five species are described. 



C. peltata, the Trumpet-tree of the "West 

 Indies and tropical South America, so 

 called because its hollow branches are used 

 for musical instruments, is a very rapid 

 growing tree, having a whitish trunk 

 about a foot in diameter, and attaining a 

 height of upwards of fifty feet, its branches 

 growing out at right-angles, so as to form 



a large spreading head the trunk itself 

 being marked at regular distances by cir- 

 cular scars which indicate the places where 

 leaves once grew, and the hollow inside 

 having transverse partitions correspond- 

 ing in number and position with them. 

 The leaves are nearly circular, often more 

 than a foot in diameter, and attached to 

 their stalk from a point near the centre, 

 their margins being deeply cut into nine 

 oblong lobes, each of which is tipped with 

 a short point ; they are very rough upon 

 the upper side, and thickly covered on the 

 under side with snowy white down. The 

 spikes of fruit are in clusters of from five 

 to fifteen. 



The Uaupe Indians, who inhabit the Rio 

 Uaupes, a tributary of the Rio Negro, con- 

 vert the hollow stems of this tree into a 

 very curious kind of musical instrument, 

 a species of drum, called by them Amboo- 

 bas. They select a trunk four or five inches 

 in diameter, and cut off a piece about four 

 feet long, removing the partitions and 

 rendering the inside smooth by means of 

 fire ; they then close up the lower end with 

 leaves beaten down into a hard mass with 

 a pestle, and cut two holes towards the top 

 end, so as to form a handle. These rude 

 instruments are commonly used in the 

 native dances, the performer, holding by 

 the handle, beats the lower end upon the 

 ground, and moves his feet in unison with 

 the sounds thus produced. 



The inner bark of the young branches 

 yields a very tough fibre, which is twisted 

 into coarse ropes ; and the old bark is em- 

 ployed medicinally as an astringent. The 

 young buds are moreover eaten as apotherb, 

 while the leaves are the common food of 

 the sloth, and the milky juice hardens 

 into caoutchouc. The wood is very light, 

 and is commonly used in the West Indies 

 for making floats for fishing nets ; razor- 

 strops are likewise made of it, and when 

 dry the Indians use it for producing fire by 

 means of friction. [A. S.] 



CEDAR. The common name of various 

 trees, but more especially applied to the 

 Cedar of Lebanon, mentioned below. — , 

 BARBADOS. Juniperus barbadensis. — 

 BASTARD BARBADOS. Cedrela odorata, 

 also called the Sweet-scented Barbados 

 Cedar. —BASTARD. Guazumaidmifolia; 

 also a common name for Cedrela, — BER- 

 MUDA. Juniperus bermudiana. — , GUI- 

 ANA. Idea altissima. — , HONDURAS. 

 Cedrela odorata. — , INDIAN. Abies (or 

 Cedrus) Deodara. — JAPAN. Gryptomeria 

 japonica. — MOUNT ATLAS. Abies at- 

 lantica. — OF GOA. Cupressus lusitanica. 

 — OF LEBANON. Abies Cedrus, often 

 called Cedrus Libani, — OF N. S. WALES. 

 Cedrela australis. — PRICKLY. Cyathodes 

 Oxy cedrus. — RED. Juniperus virginiana ; 

 of Australia: Cedrela australis. —SHARP. 

 Juniperus Oxy cedrus. — STINKING. Tor- 

 reya taxifolia. — VIRGINIAN. Juniperus 

 virginiana. — WHITE. Cupressus thy- 

 oides ; of Australia : Melia australis ; of B 

 Guiana : Icica altissima ; of Dominica : 

 Bignonia leucoxylon. 



