or herbs, with simple opposite leaves, hav- 

 ing glandular stipules placed between the 

 bases of the leafstalks (interpetiolar), and 

 flowers arranged in panicles or corymbs. 

 Calyx adherent, entire, or toothed ; co- 

 rolla regular ; stamens attached to the 

 corolla. Ovary two-celled; style one. 

 Fruit inferior, either dry or succulent, 

 splitting into two or not opening; seeds 

 either definite in number, or numerous, 

 containing a small embryo in horny albu- 

 men. Chiefly found in tropical regions, 

 where they constitute -J- 7 of the flowering 

 plants. In northern regions the order is 

 represented by Galiaceie, which some re- 

 gard as a sub-order of Rubiacece. The 

 order furnishes many important products. 

 The plants supply remedies for intermit- 

 tent fevers : some are emetics and purga- 

 tives, others act in strengthening the 

 tone of the stomach. The various medi- 

 cinal barks are yielded by species of 

 Cinchona, which grow in the Andes be- 

 tween 3,000 and 9,000 feet of elevation 

 above the level of the sea. Coffea ara- 

 bica supplies coffee, which is the hard 

 albumen of the seeds. Cephaelis Ipecacu- 

 anha yields the well-known Ipecacuan root 

 which is used commonly as an emetic. 

 A dye called soorangie is procured from 

 the root of Morinda citrifolia. White gam- 

 bier, a kind of catechu, is the product of 

 Uncaria Gambir. Gardenias have showy 

 as well as fragrant flowers, and G. Rotli- 

 mannia yields an edible fruit. There are 

 upwards of 300 genera and 2,600 species in 

 the order. Illustrative genera : Spernia- 

 coce, Cephaelis, Coffea, Ixora, Hedyetis, 

 Pentas, Cinchona, Nauclea, Gardenia, Mus- 

 scenda. [J. H. B.] 



CINCINALIS. This name as originally 

 employed by Gleditsch is a synonyme of 

 Pteris aouilina; as however used by sub- 

 sequent writers it is synonymous with 

 Nothochlcsna, a genus of ferns. [T. M.] 



CINCLIDIUM. A fine genus of acrocar- 

 pous mosses belonging to Bryacem, and 

 closely allied to Mnium, agreeing with it 

 in the characters of the stem and large 

 leaves, but differing in having the inner 

 peristome cup-shaped with sixteen short 

 outer teeth. It occurs in spongy bogs 

 and is rare in Great Britain. It resembles 

 in general appearance Mnium punctaiinn, 

 but the stems are more densely matted to- 

 gether with the purple rootlets. Only one 

 other species is known, C. arcticum, which 

 has been found in Norway. [M. J. B.] 



CINCLIDOTUS. A genus of aquatic 

 acrocarpous mosses belonging partly to 

 that division which has been called Clado- 

 carpi, because in the majority of species 

 the fruit terminates in short lateral 

 branches. It is named from the lattice- 

 like structure of the peristome, which con- 

 sists of thirty-two teeth anastomosing 

 at the base. This structure obtains in 

 C. fontinaloides, which grows in large 

 tufts on rocks and stones in rivulets and 

 on the borders of lakes, especially in hilly 

 limestone districts, and also in C. riparius ; 



but in C. aquations the peristome is quite 

 rudimentary. [M. J. B.] 



CINCTUS. A term applied to albumen 

 when surrounded by an annular embryo. 



CINENCHYMA. That kind of tissue in 

 which latex, or the proper juice of plants, 

 is supposed by some to be conveyed from 

 place to place. Probably a form of the 

 intercellular passages. 



CINERACEOUS. Ash-greyish. 



CINERAIRE A x FLEURS BLEUES. 

 (Fr.) Agathcea amelloides. 



CINERARIA. A family of compoiind 

 flowers, difficult of discrimination, and 

 containing many species which are referred 

 by some botanists to the genus Senecio, 

 &c. As at present constituted, Cineraria 

 does not contain any native examples, but 

 is well known as an ornament of the con- 

 servatory and window garden. Some of 

 the species are half-shrubby, but the ma- 

 jority are herbaceous and of easy cultiva- 

 tion ; and some may be so managed as to 

 be made to bloom almost at any season. 

 C. cruenta, a native of Teneriffe, has heart- 

 shaped leaves, variously toothed at the 

 edge, tinged with red or purple, or of 

 unmixed green ; the upper leaves clasp 

 the stem and are auricled at the base. In 

 the wild state of the plant, the flowers have 

 a deep purple disk with bright purple 

 rays ; but since it has been taken up as a 

 florist's flower, a countless number of varie- 

 ties have been raised from seed, with 

 flowers in which white, purple, rose- 

 colour, crimson, violet, azure, &c, are 

 combined in ever-varying proportions. 

 'The early flowering of this plant,' says 

 Le bon jardinier, ' its long duration, which 

 allows it to be an ornament of the conser- 

 vatory and window during several months, 

 have given some importance to its cul- 

 ture.' [C. A. J.] 



CINEREUS. Ash-grey; a mixture of 

 white and black. 



CINNABAR, CINNABARINUS. Scarlet 

 touched with orange. 



CINNAMODENDRON. A genus allied 

 to Canella, and like it belonging to Pitto- 

 sporacew, or, in the opinion of some 

 authors, forming a separate order Canel- 

 lacece. The C. axillare is a Brazilian tree 

 with smooth whitish bark cracking trans- 

 versely ; leaves alternate, stalked, ellip- 

 tical, leathery, smooth and entire; peduncles 

 axillary, three-flowered ; calyx of three 

 sepals; petals five, alternate with as many 

 scales ; stamens ten, forming a tube round 

 the ovary. The bark is aromatic, and 

 used as a tonic and antiscorbutic. [J. T. S.] 



CINNAMOMEUS The colour of cinna- 

 mon. 



CINNAMOMUM. The trees furnishing 

 cinnamon and cassia barks belong to a 

 genus of Lauracew, or true laurels, cha- 

 racterised by the presence of l-ibbed leaves, 

 leaf-buds not provided with scales, a six- 



