2S7 



£i)£ Ercajattri) of 33otann. 



[CIRC 



cleft leathery calyx, nine fertile stamens 



in three rows, with four-celled anthers 



j which open inwardly, except those of the 



! third or innermost row, which open to- 



, wards the outside of the flower. The 



stamens of this third row are moreover 



provided with two sessile glands, one on 



! each side of their base, and within them is 



| a fourth row of abortive stamens. The 



fruit is berry-like, one-seeded, in a cup- 



i like calyx. 



C. zeylanicum is largely cultivated in 



Ceylon, for its bark, which furnishes the 



i best Cinnamon. The bark is stripped off 



i the branches, when it rolls up into quills, 



i the smaller of which are introduced within 



| the larger and then dried in the sun. The 



\ thinner the bark is as a rule, the finer its 



I quality. Cinnamon is largely used as a 



condiment for its agreeable flavour, while 



its astringent and cordial properties give 



it a medicinal value. It is said to possess 



! the special property of restraining uterine 



haemorrhage. 



C. Cassia furnishes Cassia bark, which is 

 much like cinnamon, but thicker, coarser, 

 stronger, less delicate in flavour, and 

 cheaper ; hence it is frequently used to 

 adulterate cinnamon . Its admixture, how- 

 ever, can be readily detected, even in a 

 powdered state, according to Dr. Hassall. 

 Cassia is grown in China, Java, &c. The 

 German and Russian chocolate-makers 

 prefer cassia to cinnamon, as affording a 

 stronger flavour. The same, or some 

 closely-allied trees, furnish Cassia buds, 

 which are something like cloves, and, like 

 them, consist of the unexpanded flower- 

 buds ; but they possess properties similar 

 to those of the bark. 



Other species of this genus afford aro- 

 matic barks: such as C. Culilawan, a native 

 of Amboyna, whose bark has a flavour of 

 I cloves. C. iners, a native of Malabar, is 

 employed medicinally in fevers and dysen- 

 tery ; the seeds are the parts used; the 

 I bark is likewise employed as a condiment. 

 ! The leaves of C. nitidum, dried, are said to 

 | have furnished the aromatic leaves called 

 'folia Malabathri'; indeed, it is surprising 

 that the leaves of the cinnamon are not 

 ; more often imported, as they, like the inner 

 ■ hark, though to a less extent, contain the 

 volatile oil on which the fragrant aromatic 

 properties depend. [31. T. M.] 



1 CINNAMON. Cinnamomum zeylanicum, 

 a tree cultivated in the tropics for its 

 aromatic bark. — , BASTARD. Cinnamo- 

 mum Cassia. — , BLACK. Phnenta acris. 

 — , ISLE OF FRANCE. OreodapJine cupu- 



' laris. — , SANTA FE'. NectanAra cinna- 

 momoides. — , WILD. Canella alba; also 

 Myrcia acris. 



CINQEEFOIL. The common name for 

 Potentilla. — , MARSH. Comarum pa- 

 lustre. 



CIONIDIUM. A small genus of Australa- 

 sian polypodiaceous ferns belonging to the 

 DicksoniecB, distinguished by having the 

 indusium cup-shaped and standing out 

 beyond the margin of the frond, and 



having the veins reticulated. The only 

 species known, C. Moorii, has a short de- 

 cumbent rhizome, and pedately bipinnato- 

 pinnatifid fronds of membranaceo-berba- 

 ceous texture, which are studded with sori 

 around the margin. The fructification of 

 Cionidium is that of Deparia, the distinc- 

 tion between these two consisting in the 

 reticulated venation of the former, and 

 the free venation of the latter. [T. M.] 



CIPURA. A small genus of iridaceous 

 plants closely allied to Marica, consisting 

 of bulbous herbs with ensiform leaves and 

 terminal heads of flowers. The species, 

 which are hut few in number, are found in 

 tropical and subtropical America. The 

 perianth has a very short tube and a six- 

 parted limb, of which the inner or petal- 

 oid divisions .are much the smaller; there 

 are three stamens with distinct filaments 

 inserted in the tube of the perianth, and a 

 three-celled ovary containing numerous 

 ovules, and surmounted by a very short 

 style, and three petaloid undivided styles 

 alternating with the stamens. C.paludosa, 

 a native of humid meadows in Cayenne, 

 has conico-globose bulbs, radical linear- 

 lanceolate plaited leaves from three to 

 five inches long, the scape shorter than 

 I the leaves, and bearing a short densely- 

 l imbricated distichous terminal spike of 

 bluish flowers. [T. M.] 



CTB.CMX. A plant with a name so 

 ominous as Enchanter's or Enchantress- 

 >*ight shade might well be supposed to be 

 gifted with the most potent properties. 

 It is, however, a humble herbaceous plant, 

 belonging to the Onagracece, growing to 

 the height of about a foot and a half, with 

 delicate egg-shaped leaves which taper to 

 a point, and small white flowers tinged 

 with pink, which are succeeded by small 

 roundish seed-vessels thickly covered with 

 hooked bristles. C. Lutetiana, the com- 

 mon species, is abundant in shady woods, 

 where it frequently covers a large space of 

 ground. It often too finds its way into 

 shrubberies, where it is a pretty but 

 troublesome weed, creeping extensively, 

 and very difficult to eradicate. It has no 

 affinity with any of the true nightshades, 

 and is conjectured to have received its 

 name from the tenacity with which its 

 prickly seed-vessels attach themselves to 

 the person and clothes of passengers, and 

 from its habit of lurking in obscure 

 places. C. alpina, a closely-allied species, 

 scarcely differs from the preceding except 

 that it is smaller and of more delicate 

 habit ; it is not unfrequent in Scotland 

 and the north of England. French, Circee; 

 German, Hexenlcraut. [C. A. J.] 



CIRCINALIS, CIRCINATE. Bent like 

 the head of a crosier, as is the young leaf 

 of a fern when it begins to grow. 



CIRCUMPOSITIO. A layer; that is to 

 say, a branch laid into the'ground or layered 

 in order that it may strike root. 



CIRCUMSCISSILE, CIRCUMSCISSUS. 



