sions on its surface appear as if it still 

 bore the marks of Adam's teeth. 



The Shaddock, C. decumana, derives its 

 common name from Captain Shaddock, by 

 ■whom it was first carried from China to 

 the West Indies, early in the eighteenth 

 centm-y. The shoots are pubescent; the 

 leaves large with a winged stalk ; the fruit 

 very large, weighing sometimes ten to 

 twenty pounds, roundish, with a smooth, 

 pale yellow skin, and white or reddish sub- 

 acid pulp. When the fruits attain their 

 largest size they are called Pompoleons, 

 or Pompelmousses ; those of the smallest 

 size form the 'Forbidden fruit' of all the 

 English markets. 



The Orange tribe cannot be grown in 

 this country without protection in winter. 

 In some parts of Devonshire, however, 

 they require but very little, as for ex- 

 ample, at Combe Royal, near Kingsbridge, 

 where very fine specimens of Oranges. 

 Citrons, and Lemons, &c, have been for 

 many years obtained from trees planted 

 against a wall, and protected only with a 

 movable wooden shelter in winter. The 

 first Oranges, it is stated, were imported 

 into England by Sir Walter Raleigh, and 

 reared by his relative Sir Francis Carew 

 at Beddington in Surrey. These trees are 

 mentioned by Bishop Gibson, in his addi- 

 tions to Camden's Britannia, as having ex- 

 isted for a hundred years previous to 

 1695: but finally they were entirely killed 

 by the great frost in 1739-40, after they 

 had attained the height of eighteen feet, 

 with stems nine inches in diameter. Trees 

 of the Orange tribe naturally live to a 

 very great age in a soil and climate which 

 suit them. Even under artificial treat- 

 ment there are some remarkable instances 

 of their longevity. There may be seen, in 

 the orangery at Versailles, a tree which 

 was sown in 1421. It is growing with its 

 roots in a large box, and appeared very 

 healthy when we saw it lately. The Oranee 

 tree at the convent of St. Sabina at Rome 

 is thirty-<jne feet high, and said to be up- 

 wards of 600 years old. At Nice, where 

 the tree may be considered naturalised, 

 growing quite in the open air, there was 

 in 1789, according to Risso, a tree which 

 generally bore 5,000 or 6,000 oranges, and 

 which was more than fifty feet high with 

 a trunk which required two men to em- 

 brace it. In Cordova, the noted seat of 

 Moorish grandeur and luxury in Spain, 

 there are Orange trees still remaining, 

 which are considered to be 600 or 700 years 

 old. 



Under favourable circumstances, the 

 productiveness of the Orange is astonish- 

 ing. In an account of the gardens and 

 orange-grounds of St. Michael's in the 

 Azores, by Mr. Wallace (Journal of the 

 Hort. Society, vii. 236), we are informed by 

 the author, who resided at St. Michaels 

 for several years, that the orange grounds 

 vary from one to sixty acres in extent, 

 and are surrounded with high walls and 

 tall-growing trees as shelter, not from the 

 cold but from the sea-breeze. The grounds 

 are rarely occupied wholly by Orange 



trees, for Limes, Citrons, Lemons, Guavas, 

 &c, are scattered about in them. Orange 

 trees were first introduced to the Azores 

 by the Portuguese. There are only two 

 kinds of oranges cultivated at St. Michael's, 

 viz., the Portugal and the Mandarin ; many 

 varieties of the former exist, and they are 

 greatly improved by the genial climate of 

 i St. Michaels. The Mandarin Orange has 

 j not been many years in the island, never- 

 theless there are some trees of it fourteen 

 feet high. This capital little orange has 

 j lately been exported to England, where 

 it realises a higher price than the common 

 I St. Michaels. The largest orange tree 

 which Mr. Wallace measured was thirty 

 feet high, the stem being seven feet in 

 I circumference at the base ; but many 

 i larger trees, destroyed by the coccus, had 

 been cut down. The produce of the trees 

 is almost incredible ; props are always 

 used to prevent the weight of the fruit 

 from breaking down the branches. An 

 orange tree in the quinta, or orange garden 

 of the Barao das Laranjeiras produced 

 twenty large boxes of oranges, each box 

 containing upwards of 1,000 fruit— in all 

 20,000 oranges from one tree. Two hun- 

 dred ship-loads of oranges are annually 

 exported from St. Michaels, being nearly 

 200,000 boxes. [R. T.] 



CIVETTE. (Fr.) Allium Schcenoprasum. 



CLADENCHYMA. Branched paren- 

 chyma. 



CLADIUM. A genus of cyperaceous 

 plants belonging to the tribe Ehyncho- 

 sporece. The spikelets are one to two- 

 flowered ; glumes five or six ; bristles 

 wanting; nut with a thick fleshy coat, 

 tipped with the conical base of the joint- 

 less style. Twenty-one species are men- 

 tioned in Steudel's Plantar Cyperacece ; these 

 have an extensive geographical distri- 

 bution, the majority being natives of New 

 Holland. C. Mariscus is a native of 

 Britain, and the most northerly of the 

 species. It is a handsome aquatic, plant, 

 not of frequent occurrence, though plen- 

 tiful in some districts [D. M.] 



CLADOBITJM. An obsolete name of 

 Scaphy glottis. 



CLADOCARPI. A small section of 

 mosses containing those anomalous genera 

 in which the fruit is not truly lateral 

 but terminates short lateral branchlets. 

 The British genera belonging to this 

 section are Sphagnum, Mielichoferia, Fis- 

 sidens, and Cinclidotus ; but the two latter 

 contain species which are not truly clado- 

 carpous. [M. J. B.] 



CLADOCATJLOK A Brazilian eriocau- 

 laceous plant, an undershrub with much- 

 branched leafy stems and flowers in heads, 

 the male flowers being in the centre, the 

 females at the circumference of the head. 

 These latter present the distinguishing 

 feature of the genus, that is to say, a 

 double perianth, each row of three linear 

 oblong segments adherent at the base, the 

 outer segments reflexed, and ultimately 



