clad] 



Cfje Ertatfurg at Utitang. 



294 



deciduous, the inner ones shorter, thinner, 

 and persistent. In other particulars it 

 does not differ from the other genera of 

 the order. [M. T. M.] 



CLADODYSTROPHIA. An affection to 

 which oaks and other trees are subject in 

 light soils, or when past maturity. The 

 upper branches are less perfectly nourished 

 than the lower, and therefore more rapidly 

 decay. It has also been supposed that 

 trees become stag-headed in consequence 

 of decay of the tap root, possibly from the 

 attacks of fungi, the terminal branches 

 having an especial reference to it. This, 

 however, is mere matter of speculation, 

 though the main branches and roots have 

 in many cases direct communication with 

 each, some particular root more especially- 

 supplying some particular branch, as is indi- 

 cated'by the buttress-like spurs which con- 

 nect the two. Where the tree is without 

 leading shoots, the tips of the several 

 branches sometimes assume a similar con- 

 dition. [M. J. B.] 



CLADONIA. A genus of lecidineous 

 lichens which is characterised by its ulti- 

 mately globose or button-shaped fruit 

 growing at the tips of vertical hollow 

 shrub-like or cup-shaped processes, arising 

 from a foliaceous or crust-like thallus, to 

 which they bear an inverse proportion. 

 The fructifying disc is often of the bright- 

 est scarlet, but sometimes assumes other 

 tints as pinkish-brown or black. The spe- 

 cies are numerous even when reduced with- 

 in reasonable limits, and extend into the 

 coldest regions, while some are cosmopo- 

 lites. C. rangiferina extends almost to the 

 extreme limits of vegetation, and affords 

 an abundant supply of excellent food to 

 the reindeer, without which the inhospit- 

 able northern parts of our continent could 

 scarcely be inhabited. C. pyxidata, a com- 

 mon species in woods and hedge-banks, is 

 supposed to afford a good medicine in the 

 whooping cough ; while C. sanguinea, 

 rubbed down with sugar and water, is 

 successfully applied in the thrush of 

 infants in Brazil. [M. J. B.] 



C. rangiferina, the reindeer moss, is the 

 badge of the clan McKenzie. 



CLADOPHORA. A genus of chloro- 

 sperms closely allied to Conferva, and dis- 

 tinguished by its branched habit. The 

 species are numerous, and grow in various 

 situations, but the most characteristic, as 

 C. glomerata and rupestris, occur either in 

 rivulets or on sea-rocks. A few of the 

 species of warm countries attain a con- 

 siderable size. C. mirabilis was once cele- 

 brated as affording a supposed instance of 

 transformation from a green-spored into 

 a rose-spored alga ; but it has since been 

 ascertained that the cladophore serves 

 merely as a matrix to the rhodosperm 

 which surrounds the threads with its 

 dilated base. The reproductive bodies are 

 minute zoospores with thong-like appen- 

 dages contained in the articulations. The 

 species are found in most parts of the 

 globe. [M. J. B.] 



CLADOPTOSIS. A name given to a 

 singular affection to which several of our 

 forest trees, as the oak and willow, are 

 subject, in which the small branches snap 

 off with a regular circular fissure, leaving 

 a cup-shaped scar, somewhat similar to 

 that which takes place when a leaf or 

 fruit separates at the stalk. The branch 

 was of course previously dead, and the 

 separation seems to depend upon a vital 

 process by means of which the dead are 

 thrown off from the living tissues. After 

 pears have fallen, a repeated separation 

 into joint-like portions takes place, in a 

 somewhat similar manner, between the 

 component parts and the branch which 

 gave them birth. After cold summers, vine 

 branches are apt to fall off, a process which 

 is facilitated by the peculiar formation of 

 the stem, there being a transverse layer 

 of cellular tissue at each bud. This is 

 sometimes called Phriganoptosis. Larger 

 branches occasionally fall off in a like 

 manner in the elm, but more generally, 

 though the line of demarcation is well- 

 marked, the branch does not fall till it 

 is tightly pressed by the new layers of 

 bark destined after its disappearance 

 to close up the cavity. [M. J. BJ 



CLADOS. In Greek compounds = a 

 branch. 



CLADO^PORIUM. A genus of naked- 

 spored moulds of which one species, C. 

 herbarum, is found in all habitable parts of 

 the world on decaying substances, whether 

 animal or vegetable, covering them with 

 olive patches which when in fruit are shot 

 with green. It consists of short brown- 

 jointed waved threads, which bear on their 

 sides oblong or elliptic spores with one or 

 two transverse divisions. In damp seasons, 

 wheat is often discoloured at the tip with 

 this fungus, and it is then said to be 

 tagged. Another species, C. dendritieum, 

 is common on apple leaves, and when 

 attacking the fruit causes the orbicular 

 dark spots which are so common on apples, 

 and which have been named by Fries 

 Spiloccea. The same species, or a mere 

 variety of it, attacks pears in a similar 

 way, and sometimes materially affects the 

 health of the tree by infesting the leaves 

 and young shoots. [M. J. BJ 



CLADOSTACHYS. A genus of Amaran- 

 thacece allied to Celosia, but having the 

 stamens free, not cohering as in that 

 genus, and the three stigmas linear and 

 revolute, not capitate. C. muricata is a 

 much-branched Indian shrub with alter- 

 nate stalked ovate-acute smooth leaves.and 

 elongated paniculately-arranged spikes of 

 small white flowers. [J. T. SJ 



CLADOTHAMNUS. A genus of Pyro- 

 lacece consisting of a shrub from Western 

 Arctic America with much-branched stems 

 sessile wedge-shaped oblong glabrous 

 leaves, glaucous below, and solitary axil- 

 lary shortly-stalked flowers, with a five- 

 parted calyx, five petals, ten stamens, a 

 thread-like style, incurved at the apex, 



