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column is surrounded by two rows of 

 glands, five of them large and two- or 

 three-lobed, and five smaller, each of them 

 entire or two-lobed. In the female flower 

 the calyx and corolla is the same as in the 

 male, but the disc is made up of five bifid 

 glands only, and the three-lobed ovary is 

 crowned by a three-branched style, each 

 branch bind at the point and bent back on 

 the ovary. The fruit is a three-celled cap- 

 sule with three seeds. The only reported 

 useful species is C. lanceolata, a native 

 of Abyssinia, where it is said to be used for 

 stopping dysentery in cattle. [A. A. B.] 



CLTPEA. A name which has been given 

 to certain Menispermacece, now referred to 



Stephania. [M. T. M.] 



CLYPEATE. Having the form of an 

 ancient buckler ; the same as Scutate. 



CLTPEOLA. A genus of small annual 

 herbs, belonging to Cruciferce, natives of 

 Southern Europe and temperate Asia. 

 They have the habit of the annual species 

 of Alyssum, but differ in having an in- 

 dehiscent orbicular, flattened and margined 

 pouch containing a single seed. [J. T. S.] 



CXEMIDIA. If to the flowers of a large 

 Pliysurus are added the foliage and habit 

 of some herbaceous-leaved Cypripedium, 

 the reader will form some idea of this 

 singular genus of orchids. The few spe- 

 cies known are all Indian. C. angulosa 

 has also been called Govindovia nervosa, 

 and Decaisnea angulosa. 



CNEMIDOSTACHYS. A genus of Euphor- 

 biacea?, known also as Microstachys, and 

 composed of herbs seldom more than two 

 feet high, with twiggy branches, and 

 alternate, linear, entire or serrate leaves. 

 The inconspicuous flowers are male and 

 female on the same plant ; the males in 

 slender spikes, have a three-parted calyx 

 and three free stamens ; the females, single 

 in the axils of the leaves, have a calyx like 

 the males, and a three-lobed ovary, crowned 

 with a three-parted style. The capsule, 

 about the size of a pea when ripe, is either 

 smooth or covered with rough points, and 

 is three-celled, each cell with a single seed. 

 The greater portion of the species are 

 Brazilian. One (C. Chamcelea) is common 

 to India and Africa, and another, which 

 has been called Elachocroton aspericoccmn, 

 is found in Tropical Australia. [A A. B.] 



CNEORUM. A genus of uncertain posi- 

 tion, but closely allied to the Rutacea?. It 

 consists of small shrubs inhabiting the 

 Mediterranean region, the Canary Isles, etc. 

 They have narrow, entire leaves ; yellow 

 flowers with three or four sessile equal 

 petals, larger than the sepals, inserted 

 beneath the disc ; three or four stamens 

 attached to the stalk bearing the three or 

 four-lobed ovary, which has two ovules in 

 each of its three or four compartments. The 

 fruit when ripe consists of three or four 

 segments, which separate one from the 

 other, and are fleshy externally, bony 

 internally, and divided into two cavities 



by a spurious transverse partition. The 

 species will grow in the south of England 

 in sheltered situations. [M. T. M.] 



CNEORUM. (Fr.) Daphne Cneorum. 



CNESTIDIUM. Dr. Planchon has des- 

 cribed under this name a Central American 

 tree of the order Connai-acew. It has com- 

 pound leaves covered with thick red 

 down ; clustered flowers, which have a 

 calyx consisting of five parts, adhering 

 together for a time, but at length breaking 

 irregularly into two or three divisions ; ten 

 stamens, five of which are shorter than the 

 rest, and confluent in a ring at their base ; 

 and five ovaries with as many thread- 

 shaped styles. Thefruit consists of asingle 

 follicle from the suppression of the re- 

 maining four, covered with red down, and 

 containing a single seed. [M. T. M.] 



CNESTIS. A name derived from the 

 Greek word signifying to scratch, in allu- 

 sion to the hairs on the fruit, which irri- 

 tate the skin. It is applied to a genus 

 of Connaracea?- consisting of shrubs fre- 

 quently of climbing habit, with alternate 

 compound thick leaves, and clusters of 

 five-parted flowers : which bear ten sta- 

 mens, five shorter than the remainder, 

 and five sessile ovaries, with two ascending 

 ovules. The fruit consists of five or fewer 

 follicles, covered with stinging hairs, and 

 containing but one seed. Two or three 

 species are in cultivation, natives of 

 Guinea, the Mauritius, etc. [M. T. M.] 



CNICDS. A thistle-like genus of Compo- 

 site?, known by the following charac- 

 ters : — Bracts of the involucre leathery, 

 extended into a long hard pinnated 

 spine ; fruits furrowed, marked with a 

 broad scar on one side; pappus in three 

 rows, the outer horny, short, the next com- 

 posed of ten long bristles, the third of ten 

 short bristles. The English plume thistles, 

 formerly included in a genus of the same 

 name, but differing from the above, are now 

 referred to Cardans. Of the true genus 

 Cnicus the most remarkable is C. bene- 

 dictus, a native of the Levant and Persia, 

 but now widely distributed. The plant was 

 formerly esteemed as a tonic, diaphoretic, 

 etc., but is now little used. [M. T. M.] 



CNIDOSCOLUS. A genus of Eupliorbi- 

 acea?, composed of a few shrubs or her- 

 baceous plants, all of them confined to 

 tropical America. On the one hand they 

 are nearly related to Jatropha, on the 

 other to Manihot, but differ from the 

 former in having no petals, and from the 

 latter in the filaments of their stamens 

 being united into a central column, not 

 free. Their stems are often fleshy and 

 gouty, and are furnished with stalked 

 leaves, which in most cases are armed 

 with straight hairs, which sting most viru- 

 lently ; the blades are sometimes entire, 

 but mostly palmately-lobed. The small 

 white flowers are arranged in terminal or 

 axillary cymes, the females few and oc- 

 cupying the central portion of the cyme; 

 the males more numerous and occupying 



