365 



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[cyan 



I to be more delicate, while the parasite is 

 preparing a series of aerial roots to pene- 

 trate it ; it having done this, its position is 

 firmly established, its own natural root 

 dies quite away, and thenceforward its 

 true parasitic growth is astonishingly rapid. 

 Experiments 3 and 4 were repeated during 

 . the present summer, I860, as follows : — 

 ; Exp. 3.— A plot of pure flax seed was 

 i sown in the botanical garden of the Ciren- 

 cester Royal Agricultural College ; this 

 t came up well, and afforded a good crop of 

 i fine flax. 



i Exp. 4.— A plot of flax seed and Dodder 



i seed intermixed. In this the flax and 



> Dodder came up simultaneously, and the 



thread-like germ of the latter soon twisted 



; round the flax stems, and in time sent out 



branches in every direction, which in turn 



twined about fresh flax stems until the 



whole plot was borne down by the para- 



i site, and both it and the crop went through 



the processes of flowering and seeding 



; simultaneously : so that in harvesting the 



\ crop both would be gathered together, and 



i of course, unless carefully separated, such 



! flax seed would perpetuate the evil. 



The same remark applies equally to the 

 clover crops as to those of flax. If crops are 

 to be free from the Dodder pests, the far- 

 mer must take care not to sow them with the 

 seed for the crop, for it is now evident that 

 this is their mode of propagation. C. Tri/olii 

 grows precisely in the same way, but the 

 whole plant is smaller ; the seeds on this 

 account are not so readily detected, so that 

 it is much on the increase. [J. B.] 



CUSPID ARIA. A genus of Bignoniacew, 

 natives of Brazil, containing several spe- 

 cies,f orming erect or subscandent glabrous 

 shrubs. The leaves are opposite, petiolate, 

 and simple or trifoliate, with petiolulate 

 ovate acuminate and ciliate leaflets. The 

 flowers are in terminal panicles. The cup- 

 shaped calyx is cut into five long cuspidate 

 teeth ; the corolla tube is ventricose-cam- 



. panulate, and the limb is five-lobed ; one of 

 the five stamens is sterile ; the stigma is 

 bilamellate. with long acute lobes ; the four 



, angles of the capsular fruit are produced 

 into wings ; the seeds also are winged. 

 This genus is nearly related to Bignonia and 



! Luadia. It is separated from the former 

 by its ciliated anthers, from the latter by 

 its awn-like sepals, and from both by its 



I tetrapterous fruit. [W. C] 



This name has also been applied to a 

 genus of ferns, which have since been 

 called Dicranoglossum. [T. M.] 



CUSPIDATE. Tapering gradually into a 

 rigid point; also abruptly acuminate, as 

 the leaflets of many Rvbi. 



CUSSO. The Abyssinian Bray era anthel- 

 mintica. 



CUSSOXIA. The name of a genus be- 

 longing to the order of Ivyworts, distin- 

 guished by the top-shaped calyx, which is 

 adherent to the seed A T essel, its border 

 having from five to seven short teeth ; the 

 petals five to seven, adhering to a conical 



disk on the upper part of the seed vessel ; 

 stamens five to seven, adherent to the 

 petals ; fruit almost round, with little juice, 

 two to three-celled, one seed in each cell. 

 The genus was named in honour of Cusson, 

 a botanist of Montpelier. The species are 

 shrubs, natives of the Cape or of New Zea- 

 land, having a soft stem, with leaves alter- 

 nate, smooth, stalked, in three to seven 

 large lobes : the flowers are greenish. 



Two species have been known in our 

 collections since the end of the last cen- 

 tury ; they are chiefly interesting on ac- 

 count of their peculiar aspect. C. thyrsi- 

 flora has the leaflets sessile, wedge-shaped, 

 truncate, and three-toothed at the end. 

 C. spicata has the leaflets wedge-shaped, 

 acuminate, and serrated at the end, the 

 flowers in spikes. C. triptera is by some 

 considered to be a hybrid, having numerous 

 leaflets, like those of C. spicata, but without 

 stalks, as in C. thyrsiflora. [G. D.] 



CUSTARD- APPLE. The common name 

 for Aiiona. 



CUTICLE. The external homogeneous 

 skin of a plant, consisting of a tough mem- 

 brane overlying the epidermis. The word 

 is also used for the skin of anything, in- 

 cluding the epidermis. 



CUTIS. The peridium of certain fun- 



CUVY. The name of the large common 

 form of Laminar in cligitata in Orkney .where 

 the narrow plant with a smooth stem 

 (Laminaria flexicaulis) is distinguished by 

 the name of tangle. The situations in 

 which the two plants grow, are, according 

 to Mr. Clouston, very different : ' the Cuvy 

 growing so far out in the sea that the 

 highest limit can only be approached at the 

 lowest stream tides, and from this it runs 

 out into the ocean as far as the eye can 

 penetrate, and probably much farther ; 

 while the tangle may be approached at 

 ordinary tides, and forms a belt between 

 the Cuvy and the beach. The general as- 

 pect also differs : the stems of the Cuvy 

 stand up like a parcel of sticks, and the 

 leaves wave from them like little flags ; 

 while the tangle lies prostrate on the rocks, 

 the leaves mingle together and form a 

 darker belt round the shore. Six or eight 

 feet is reckoned a good length for a Cuvy, 

 while tangles may be found from twelve 

 to twenty feet.' [M. J. B.] 



CYAMIUM. A kind of follicle, resem- 

 bling a legume. 



CYANANTHUS. A genus of Polemonia- 

 cece, containing a few species of annual 

 procumbent or erect herbs, found on lofty 

 situations on the Himalayas. They have 

 alternate entire or lobed leaves, and few 

 solitary and generally terminal showy 

 blue flowers. The calyx is inferior, tubular- 

 campanulate, and five-cleft ; the corolla is 

 funnel-shaped, with a large five-cleft limb ; 

 the five stamens are inserted at the base of 

 the corolla, alternate with its lobes, the an- 

 thers being adpressed to orconnate with the 



