and only represented by a single species, 

 C. scariosa, which is a perennial twiner 

 growing among bushes, with ternate 

 leaves, having oval, pointed, and entire 

 leaflets with short white pubescence. The 

 yellow flowers, borne on erect bracted 



' racemes, are remarkable for their large 

 papery calyx, which is much more con- 

 spicuous than the corollas, and is deeply 



i four-cleft ; the upper segment being two- 

 lobed, the lateral ones much smaller, and 



; the lowest very large, all of them beauti- 

 fully veined. The little oval one-seeded 

 pod is completely enveloped in the peculiar 

 calyx, which affords the most marked cha- 

 racter in the genus. [A. A. B.] 



j CYMBALAIRE. (Fr.) Linaria Cyinba- 



laria. 

 | CYMBELLJE. Reproductive locomotive 

 1 bodies, of an elliptical form, found in some 

 ; algals. 



| CYMBIDITJM. A name given by Swartz 

 to a large group of tropical orchids, grow- 

 ing in the ground.with simple fleshy hairy 

 , roots, throwing up tufts of sword-shaped 

 leaves, and producing radical spikes of 

 flowers, which are erect or pendulous, 

 many-flowered or few-flowered, and con- I 

 spicuous for their beauty, or quite incon- J 

 spicuous. All have a pair of curved ridges I 

 on the lower part of the lip : an essential 

 character. Many plants in which this 

 character is absent, and which have been 

 erroneously referred to the genus, are now | 

 eliminated ; nevertheless some twenty or j 

 thirty legitimate species remain. Of them j 

 the most important are C. sinense, a strong 

 Chinese species with erect spikes of brown j 

 flowers emitting the most delicious fra- 

 grance ; C. giganteum, an Indian plant with ! 

 racemes of very large brown tessellated j 

 flowers'; C. eburneum from India, with i 

 large radical ivory-white flowers smelling 

 like lilacs ; and C. elegans, also Indian, 

 with great massive pendulous spikes of 

 yellowish flowers. There are also many 

 yellow Cape species not yet known in cul- 

 tivation. 

 I CYMBIFORM. Having the figure of a 

 : boat in miniature ; that is to say, concave, 

 tapering to each end, with a keel exter- 

 | nally, as the glumes of Phalaris .canari- 

 | ensis. 



| CYMBOCARPA. A genus of Burmannia- 

 ! cecz, consisting of a single slender leafless 

 j annual, closely allied to Dictyostegia. 



! CYME. A kind of inflorescence, pro- 



! duced by the rays of an umbel forming 



• one terminal flower, and then producing 



secondary pedicels from below it, in the 



centrifugal manner, as in the laurustinus. 



CYMIXOSMA. Small trees with opposite 

 or alternate entire dotted leaves on a 

 jointed stalk. They are of uncertain posi- 

 tion, but are generally placed in Rutacece, 

 and by some authorities are included in 

 Acronychia. The flowers are white or 

 greenish, in axillary or terminal corymbs, 

 and have a four-parted calyx and corolla ; | 



eight stamens with flattened filaments, 

 four longer than the others ; an ovary with 

 four two-ovuled cells, placed on a fleshy 

 disc ; a short style ; and a berry-like fruit. 

 The species are natives of China, the East 

 Indies, and Australia. [M. T. M.] 



CYMODOCEA. A genus of Zosteracew, 

 containing a dicecious plant resembling 

 Zostera, and found in the Mediterranean 

 Sea. It has creeping branched rhizomes, 

 and ribbon-like leaves faintly serrulated to- 

 wards the apex : the flowers have no peri- 

 anth, and consist of a pair of male flowers 

 each reduced to a single two-celled stamen, 

 or a pair of female flowers reduced to a 

 single ovary, with a short style and two 

 stigmas, which are long and thread-like. 

 The fruit is produced in pairs. [J. T. S.] 



CYNANCHUM. A genus of South Euro- 

 pean and Mediterranean herbs, belonging 

 to the order Asclepiadacece, and character- 

 ised by its wheel-shaped corolla, and by the 

 coronet of the stamens being tubular, with 

 from five to ten divisions at its upper 

 margin, and with five inner segments ex- 

 terior to, and parallel with, the anthers. 

 The fruit consists of two cylindrical folli- 

 cles. The Arghel, the leaves of which are 

 used to adulterate Alexandrian Senna, was 

 formerly considered to belong to this ge- 

 nus, but is now included in Solenostemma : 

 see also Yincetoxicum. [M. T. M.] 



CYNARA. A genus of Compositcp., of 

 which many of the species are prickly 

 troublesome weeds, some are handsome, 

 but scarcely any are useful besides the two 

 familiarly known as the Artichoke and 

 Cardoon. 



TheCardoon orChardoon, C. Cardunculus, 

 very much resembles the artichoke. It is 

 a hardy perennial, a native of the south of 

 Europe and the northern parts of Africa. 

 The earliest writer on gardening who has 

 noticed it is Parkinson, who calls it Car- 

 dials esculentus in his Paradisus Terrestris, 

 published in 1629. Its introduction into 

 this country is stated to have been in 1658, 

 and according to Dr. Keill, it was even cul- 

 tivated in Holyrood Palace Garden so early 

 as 1683 ; but it has never been considered a 

 vegetable of much excellence, and at the 

 present day it is only to be met with in a 

 few of our best gardens. On the conti- 

 nent, however, the Cardoon is regarded as 

 a wholesome esculent, which in the hands 

 of a skilful cook forms an excellent dish. 

 The parts which are used are the stalks 

 of the inner leaves, rendered white, crisp, 

 and tender by blanching. These stalks 

 are either stewed, or form an ingredient in 

 soups and salads during autumn and win- 

 ter. When permitted to flower, the plant 

 has a fine appearance, and attains a greater 

 height than the artichoke. The .flowers 

 have also the property of coagulating milk, 

 for which purpose they are frequently used 

 by the French, after being gathered and 

 dried in the shade. 



The Artichoke, C. Scolymus, is a hardy 

 perennial, a native of Barbary and the 

 south of Europe. Although it is mentioned 



