5io 



£I)C CrcaSuri? of 23otaug. 



[goye 



plied four-fifths of the enormous quantity 

 annually consumed in this country. Some 

 idea of the rapid increase of the English 

 cotton manufactures may be gained from 

 the fact that in the year 1751, previous to 

 the introduction of spinning by machinery, 

 our imports of raw cotton amounted to 

 only 2,976,610 lbs., while in 1800 they had 

 risen to 56,010,732 lbs. ; and in 1860, the 

 enormous quantity of 1,390,939,725 lbs. was 

 imported, of which the United States sup- 

 plied no less than 1,115,890,608 lbs.— a re- 

 markable fact when Ave consider that the 

 cotton plant is not indigenous to those 

 States, and that its cultivation for expor- 

 tation only commenced between seventy 

 and eighty years ago. 



The harvest in America commences in 

 August and lasts till December. After 

 being picked and dried, the cotton is sepa- 

 rated from the seeds by means of machines 

 called gins, and is then tightly compressed 

 into bales averaging about 430 lbs. in 

 weight. Two kinds of gins are used in 

 America, the saw-gin and the roller-gin— 

 the first, consisting of numerous circular 

 saws revolving between iron grids, being 

 used for the short-staple variety ; and the 

 latter, which is merely a pair of rollers, for 



I the long-staple. 



The value of English cotton manufac- 

 tures in I860 was estimated at 121,364,458?., 



' being the product of 33,000,000 spindles, 

 giving employment, directly and indirect- 

 ly, to one million men, women, and chil- 

 dren, and requiring a capital of not less 

 than 150,000,000?. sterling. [A. S.] 



GO-TO-BED-AT-NOON. Tragopogon pra- 

 ; tense. 



I GOUANIA. A genus of Rhamnacece, con- 

 ! sisting of large rambling climbing shrubs 

 inhabiting the forests of tropical America 

 and Asia, but principally theformer. They 

 have alternate leaves with veins running 

 straight from the midrib to the margin ; 

 and some of their smaller branches" are 

 generally transformed into tendrils, which 

 serve to support them. The flowers are 

 usually produced in clusters along leafless 

 branches, forming long slender spikes ; the 

 lower part or tube of their calyx adhering 

 | to the ovary, while the upper part is divided 

 j into five spreading segments alternating 

 : with five petals, each of which is partly 

 ' rolled round a stamen, or has a stamen lying 

 in a hollow formed by it. The fruit usually 

 has three wings or sharp angles, but in 

 some species it is nearly globular and with- 

 out wings. 

 \ There are upwards of twenty species of 

 this genus, the most interesting being O. 

 domingensu, a common creeper in the 

 "West Indies and Brazil. In Jamaica it is 

 called Chaw-stick, on account of its thin 

 flexible stems being chewed as an agree- 

 able stomachic ; tooth-brushes are also 

 made by cutting pieces of chaw-stick to a 

 . convenient length and fraying out the 

 ! ends; and a tooth powder is prepared by 

 : pulverising the dried stems. It is said 

 to possess febrifugal properties ; and on 



account of its pleasant bitter taste is cern- 



monly used for flavouring different cool- 

 ing beverages. [A. S.] 



GOUDOTIA. A genus referred to Junca- 

 cece, founded on a curious little plant from 

 the Andes, which has stems growing in 

 dense tufts, with short distichous closely 

 imbricated leaves, and stalked scarious 

 flowers, dioecious by abortion. [J. T. S.J 



^ GOUET. (Fr.) Arum maculatum. — 

 A CAPUCHON. Arisarum vulgare. — 

 CHEVELU, or GOBE-MOUCHE. Bra- 

 cunculus crinitus. — EN CAPCCHON. 

 Ariscema ringens. — SERPENTAIRE. 

 Dracunculus vulgaris. 



GOUL Adansonia digitata. 



GOURD. The common name for Cucur- 

 bita : the varieties of the common Gourd, 

 C. Pepo, and of a few other species, are very 

 numerous. — , BITTER. Citrallus Colo- 

 cynthis. — , BOTTLE, CLUB, or TRUM- 

 PET. Different forms of Lagenaria vul- 

 garis. — .COLOCYNTH, Citrullus Colocyn- 

 this. — , ETHIOPIAN SOCR. Adansonia 

 digitata. — , GOOSEBERRY. Momordica 

 eclnnata. — , ORANGE. Cucurbita auran- 

 tia. — , SNAKE. Trichosanthes. — , SPAN- 

 ISH. Cucurbita maxima. — , SOUR. Adan- 

 sonia Gregorii. — . SQUASH. Cucurbita 

 Melopepo. —, WHITE, of India. Benin- 

 casa cerifera. 



GOURDE. (Fr.) Lagenaria vulgaris. 



GOURLIEA. A genus of Leguminosce 

 related to Sophora, but the pods, instead of 

 being long and constricted between the 

 seeds, are elliptical with a somewhat fleshy 

 rind, of the size and form of a plum-stone 

 when mature, and usually perfecting but 

 one seed. There are but two species known, 

 natives of Chili and Buenos Ayres. They 

 are bushes or small trees, with pale smooth 

 bark, and short spine-like lateral branches, 

 from which arise racemes or fascicles of 

 small yellow pea-flowers. At the time of 

 flowering, the hoary leaves, which consist 

 of about four pairs of oblong leaflets and 

 an odd one, are not fully developed. Cha- 

 nar or Chanal is the name given to the 

 bushes in Chili and Buenos Ayres ; and, ac- 

 cording to Tweedie, the pulp of the fruit 

 is used in flavouring sweet wines in the 

 latter place, and at Entre Rios. The name 

 of Mr. Robert Gourlie, who gathered plants 

 at Mendoza and died there, is perpetuated 

 in the genus. [A. A. B.] 



GOUTTE DE LIN. (Fr.) Cuscuta euro- 

 peea. — DE SANG. Adonis autumnalis. 



GOUTWEED, or GOUTWORT. JEgopo- 

 dium Podagraria. 



GOUTY-STEMMED TREE. An Austra- 

 lian name for Belabechea. 



GOUYAVIER, or GOYAVIER. (Fr.) 

 Psidium. 



GOVENIA. A genus of terrestrial 

 orchids peculiar to the moist woods of 

 tropical America. The leaves are radical, 

 broadly lance-shaped or oblong, plaited, 

 and from one to two feet in length. The 



