565 



K\)t EveaSurj? af 33atang. 



[hake 



instead of splitting open along the edges, 

 as many other pods do when ripe, its thin 

 sides burst irregularly and allow the escape 

 of the seeds. 



Logwood, the produce of this tree, was 

 one of the valuable commodities intro- 

 duced into Europe by the Spaniards, during 

 the early part of the century following the 

 discovery of America by Columbus. Its 

 use in England dates from the time of 

 Queen Elizabeth, but the dyers of that 

 period were so little acquainted with the 

 chemical principles involved in the art of 

 dyeing, that they failed to render its 

 colours sufficiently permanent, and the 

 prejudice against it consequently became 

 so strong, that, in the twenty-third year of 

 Elizabeth's reign, an act of parliament was 



Haematoxylon campechianum. 



passed prohibiting its use, and ordering it 

 to be burned wherever found within the 

 realm ; and although it was subsequently 

 surreptitiously introduced under the name 

 of Black-wood, this law was not repealed 

 until the time of Charles II., nearly a cen- 

 tury afterwards. At the present day it is 

 largely employed by calico-printers and 

 cloth-dyers, and also by hat-makers, who 

 use it, in combination with indigo and 

 certain mordants, for imparting the fine 

 black to silk hats. It likewise forms an 

 ingredient in some of the commoner de- 

 scriptions of writing-ink. Its properties 

 depend upon the presence of a colouring 

 principle termed hcematoxylin or hcematin 

 by Chevreul. 



Logwood occurs in commerce in logs 

 about three feet long, and consists of the 

 heart-wood of the tree, from which the sap- 

 wood, which is light-coloured and value- 

 less, has been removed. It is of a deep dull 

 brownish-red colour, and very hard and 

 heavy ; and, for the convenience of dyers, 

 it is cut into chips by means of powerful 

 machinery. Our imports in 1860 amounted 

 to 26,938 tons, the greater and most valued 

 portion of which was the produce of Cen- 



tral America; the remainder being from 

 the West Indian Islands. [A. S.] 



H.3SMODORACE.E. [Velloziece, Blood- 

 roots.) A natural order of epigynous mono- 

 cotyledons belongingto Lindley'snarcissal 

 alliance of Endogens. Perennial plants 

 with fibrous roots, and sword-shaped equi- 

 tant leaves, and bearing woolly hairs or 

 scurf on their stems and flowers. Perianth 

 tubular, six-divided ; stamens three, placed 

 opposite the segments of the perianth, or 

 six ; anthers introrse. Ovary three-celled, 

 sometimes one-celled ; style and stigma 

 simple. Fruit usually capsular, opening 

 by valves, covered by the withered peri- 

 anth; embryo in cartilaginous albumen. 

 Natives of America, the Cape, and New 

 Holland. The roots of some of the plants 

 yield a red colour— hence the name of the 

 order. Bitterness exists in some of them. 

 There are about a dozen genera, and fifty 

 species. Examples: Hcemodorum, Aletris, 

 Vellozia, Barbacenia. [J. H. BJ 



HCEMODORUM. A genus of Hamodo- 

 racece, consisting of perennial glabrous 

 Australian herbs having fasciculate tubers, 

 simple leafy stems, with half-sheathing 

 plane or somewhat terete averse leaves, and 

 corymbs or branched spikes of flowers, the 

 perianth of which has a tube connate with 

 the base of the ovary, and a limb of six 

 narrow persistent segments, three sta- 

 mens, and a three-celled ovary with fili- 

 form style and simple stigma. [T. M.] 



HAGBERRY. Cerasus Padus; also Cel- 

 tis crassifolia. 



HAIMARADA. Vandellia 



HATR, AFRICAN. The fibre of the leaves 

 of the Palmetto, Chamcerops humilis. 



HAIRBELL. Campanula rotundifolia. 



HAIR-BRANCH TREE. Trichocladus 

 crinitus. 



HAIR-POINTED. Terminating in a very 

 fine weak point. 



HAIR-SHAPED. The same as Filiform, 

 but more slender, so as to resemble a hair; 

 it is often applied to the fine ramifications 

 of the inflorescence of grasses. 



HAIRS. Small delicate transparent co- 

 nical expansions of the epidermis, con- 

 sisting of one or more cells. 



HAIRY. Covered with short weak thin 

 hairs. 



HAIR-TRIGGER FLOWER. Stylidium 

 graminifolium. 



HAT-TSAI. A transparent gluten much 

 used in China ; the chief ingredient is sup- 

 posed to be Plocaria tenax, a small sea- 

 weed. 



HAKEA. A large proteaceous genus 

 containing above one hundred species. It 

 is distinguished by having a calyx irre- 

 gularly four-cleft or with four linear or 

 spatnulate sepals, each lobe or sepal bear- 

 ing on its concave apex an ovate sessile 

 anther; a filiform style, and terminal or 



