FAMILY, XVI— CARANGID^E. 223 



below the commencement of the second dorsal, becoming straight beneath its ninth ray ; the height of the arch 

 equals 2/9 of its length : the keeled scales extend along the whole of its keeled portion, the widest equalling 

 about 1/13 of the height of the body. Free portion of the tail as high at its commencement as it is long. 

 Colours — golden in the young, with vertical bluish bands, which soon fade after death : the adults are more 

 olive, becoming dull white beneath. No opercular spot. Fins yellow, stained at their edges, due to innumer- 

 able fine dots : caudal orange, with its last half black, having a light tip to either lobe. 



Habitat. — Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond. Largest specimen from Madras, 5 inches 

 long. Cantor's type is 4j inches in length, and these two specimens with their serrated preopercles approach 

 very closely to Carangichthys typus, Bleeker, which has D. 8 | -Jj, A. 2 | -^ T , L. 1. 22. The one figured (8 inches 

 long) is from the Andaman islands. 



20. Caranx nigrescens, Plate L, fig. 6. 



Day, Proc. Zool. Soc. 1867, p. 704. 

 Tonga parah, Tarn. 



B. vii, D. 8 | tV, P. 19, V. 1/5, A. 2 | tV, C. 19, L. 1. 23. 



Length of head nearly 1/4, of caudal 2/9, height of body 2/7 of the total length. Eyes — without any adipose 

 lids, diameter 1/5 of length of head, nearly 2 diameters from end of snout, and 1 \ apart. Dorsal profile slightly more 

 convex than that of the abdomen, interorbital crest well developed. Greatest width of head equals half of its length, 

 and its height equals its length. Lower jaw very slightly the longer, cleft of mouth commences anteriorly below the 

 level of the eye, it is very slightly oblique, the maxilla reaches to below the front edge of the eye. Lower limb of 

 preopercle, also sub- and interopercles crenulated. Teeth — in numerous villiform rows in both jaws, a triangular 

 patch on the vomer, in a long narrow band on the palatines, none on the tongue. Fins — third dorsal spine the 

 longest, equal to 2/7 of the height of the body and rather above 1/2 as high as the anterior dorsal rays, which fin 

 is elevated in its first part. Pectoral falciform, a little longer than the head and reaching to below the middle 

 of the soft dorsal fin. Anal similar in form, but a little lower than the second dorsal. Caudal deeply forked. 

 Scales — on cheeks round the eyes, upper portion of opercle and body, none on the chest as high as the base of 

 the pectoral fin. Lateral-line — contains 140 scales, at first it forms a very low long curve to below the thirteenth 

 dorsal ray, from whence it gradually becomes straight, the length of the base of the arch equalling that of the 

 straight portion of the fin. Keeled scales are but slightly developed, being only distinct in the last 8 scales 

 where the largest equals 1/20 of the height of the body. Free portion of the tail at its base nearly equals its 

 length. Colours— of a dusky-grayish, having innumerable fine black points, and generally glossed with purple. 

 A well marked black opercular spot. Fins nearly black, especially the dorsal. 



This species appears to be allied to C. chrysophrys, Cuv. and Val. which has D. 8 | -f^, A. 2 | ^l, but the 

 figure shows a much higher body (2f of the total length) and the eye placed more in the centre of the depth of 

 the head. No opercular spot. 



Habitat. — Madras, where the specimen figured (a male, 24 inches long) was captured in March, 18G7. 

 The fishermen asserted that it annually arrived from the deep sea about March. 



21. Caranx armatus, Plate LI, fig. 2. 



Scimna armata, Forsk. p. 53 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1306. 



Scomber, Russell, ii, p. 38, and Tchawil parah, pi. 151 (young). 



Citula plumbea, Quoy and Gaim. Voy. Freyc. Zool. Poiss. p. 361. 



Citula ciliaria, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 102, t. xxv, f. 8 ; Kner, Novara Fische, p. 156. 



Citula armata, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 103, and N. W. Fische, p. 50 ; Bleeker, Madagas. p. 99. 



Caranx citula et cirrhosus (Ehren.) Cuv. and Val. ix, p. 126, pi. 250. 



Caranx armatus, Cuv. and Val. ix, p. 127; Cantor, Catal. p. 131 ; Giinther, Catal. ii, p. 453 ; Day. Fishes 

 of Malabar, p. 89 ; Klunz. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 455. 



Caranx ciliaris, Cuv. and Val. ix, p. 129 (young) ; Temm. and Schleg. Fauna Japon. Poiss. p. 112 : 

 Richards. Ich. China, p. 276; Jerdon, M. J. L. and Sc. 1851, p. 137. 



Olistus Malabaricus, Cuv. and Val. ix, p. 137, pi. 251 ; Cuv. Reg. Anim. 111. Poiss. pi. 58, f. 1. 



Olistus Euppellii, Cuv. and Val. ix, p. 144. 



Carangoides citula, Bleeker, Makr. p. 65. 



Carangoides armatus, Bleeker, en Pise. p. 67. 



Tang a parah, Tarn. 



B. vii, D. 6-8 [ s^, P. 21, V. 1/5, A. 2 | ^^r, C. 19, L. 1. 20. 



Length of head 2/9 to 1/5, of pectoral 2/7, height of body 2/5 to 4/11 of the total length. Eye— with a 

 very narrow posterior adipose lid, diameter 3£ to 3| in the length of head, 3/4 to 1 diameter from end of snout, 

 and also apart. Body oval, the dorsal and anal profiles about equally convex. Greatest width of the head 

 equals 3/5 of its length, its height 1/4 more than its length. Lower jaw the longer, cleft of mouth commences 

 opposite the middle of the eyes : the maxilla reaches posteriorly to below the anterior 1/3 or centre of the eye. 

 Greatest depth of the preorbital equals 2/3 of the diameter of the orbit. Teeth — villiform in both jaws, with 

 an outer somewhat enlarged row in the premaxillaries : they are also present in a triangular spot on the vomer, 

 and in an elongated band along the palatines and middle of the tongue. Fins — second to fourth dorsal 



