224 ACANTHOPTERYGII. 



spines sub-equal in length and about 2/9 of the height of the body : second dorsal much elongated anteriorly, 

 the first few rays occasionally reaching the caudal fin : in some specimens all the rays have prolongations, usually 

 only the first few. Pectoral falciform, extending to at least below the middle of the soft dorsal. Ventral 

 reaches rather above half way to the anal. Caudal deeply forked. Scales — a few on the hind portion of the 

 head, round the eyes and on the cheeks, also over the body except the chest and the portion anterior to the bases 

 of the pectoral and ventral fins. They also form a groove for the soft dorsal and anal fins. Lateral-line — consists 

 of 104 scales, it makes a long low curve becoming straight beneath the middle of the second dorsal, the keeled 

 plates are developed in the last half of the horizontal portion of the lateral-line, but are not large. Free portion 

 of the tail hardly so high at its base as it is long. Colours — upper surface of head and back bluish-green, sides of 

 the head and body golden, with purple reflections. Opercular spot moderately distinct. First dorsal blackish, 

 second and anal yellowish, with darker edges. Pectoral dark behind its base. The young vertically banded. 



Habitat. — Red Sea, East coast of Africa, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond, attaining at 

 least 20 inches in length. The specimen figured (8 inches long) is from the Andamans. 



22. Caranx gallus, Plate LI, fig. 3. 



Zeus gallus, Linn. Sys. i, p. 454 ; Bloch, t. 192, and Gmel. Linn. p. 1222 ; Bl. Schn. p. 94 ; Russell, Fish. 

 Vizag. i, p. 45, and Gurrah parah, pi. 57. 



Zeus vomer, Russell, 1. c. p. 46, and Gheewoola parah, pi. 58 (not Zeus vomer, Linn.). 



Gallus virescens, Lacep. iv, pp. 583, 584. 



Gallichthys major, Cnv. and Val. ix, p. 168, pi. 254 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 136; Richards. Ich. China, p. 271. 



Gallichthys chevola, Cuv. and Val. ix, p. 175. 



Scyris Indica, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 128, t. 33, f. 1 (young) ; Cuv. and Val. ix, p. 145, pi. 252 (adult ?) ; 

 Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 51 ; Swainson, Fishes, ii, p. 251 ; Richards. Ich. China, p. 276 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 134. 



Blepharis gallichthys, Swainson, Fishes, ii, p. 250., 



Scyris Buppellii, Swainson, I. c. p. 251. 



Carangoides gallichthys, Bleeker, Makr. p. 68. 



Caranx gallus, Giinther, Catal. ii, p. 455 : Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 91 ; Klunz. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 

 1871, p. 454. 



Citula gallus, Bleeker, Bintang, 1868, p. 5. 



B. vii, D. 0-6 | iV, p. 17, V. 1/5, A. 0-2 | ^, C. 19, L. 1. 8-10, Vert. 10/14. 



Length of head from 3| at 6 inches to 4§ at 23 inches in the total length : of caudal 3| to 4f , height of 

 body If to 1/3 of the total length. Eye — without or with only a small posterior adipose lid, diameter 3| to 1/4 

 in length of head, 1£ to 1 £ diameters from end of snout. Body much elevated, especially in the young, and strongly 

 compressed : central longitudinal crest on the head much raised, cansing the dorsal profile before the eyes to 

 be concave. Lower jaw the longer, cleft of mouth commences below the level of the eye, the maxilla reaches to 

 nearly below the ventral from the front edge of the orbit. Preorbital very high, equalling from li to If diameters 

 of the orbit. Teeth — apparently villiform in the young in jaws, vomer, palatines, and tongue, but in adnlts (as 

 at 23 inches long) it is seen that they assume an entirely different (or Sparoid) character, having rounded 

 crowns, 5 rows in the premaxillaries, and 4 in the lower jaw, decreasing to 2 or 1 posteriorly : whilst the vomer 

 has only a single row across it. Fins — the spinous first dorsal in the young appears in a rudimentary form, 

 becoming absorbed as age advances : the second dorsal commences at the most elevated point of the back, its 

 rays, especially the first 7 or 8, are elongated and have filiform terminations. Pectoral rather longer than the 

 head. Ventral with its two outer rays elongated in the young, not so in the adult. The pre-anal spines are 

 apparent in the immature. First two or three anal rays elongated, but not so much so as those of the dorsal fin. 

 Caudal deeply forked. Scales — rudimentary or absent except along the lateral-line : at the free portion of the 

 tail they are keeled, anteriorly they are small and rounded. A low keel on either side of base of the tail in adults. 

 Lateral-line — first ascends, then curves to below the 12th dorsal ray when it becomes straight. Pyloric 

 appendages — numerous. Colours — silvery glossed with purple and gold : the young with five wide vertical bands 

 which disappear with age. A small, dark opercular spot in the adult. Filamentous prolongations of fins dark or 

 black. 



Habitat. — Red Sea, through those of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond, attaining at least 2 feet 

 in length (said to reach 5 feet) and is not uncommon. 



23. Caranx ciliaris. 



Zeus ciliaris, Bloch, t. 191 ; Gmel. Linn. p. 1223 ; Bl. Schn. p. 94 ; Shaw, Zool. iv, p. 283 ; Lacep. iv, 

 pp. 570, 572. 



Scomber filamentosus, Mungo Park, Trans. Linn. Soc. iii, p. 36 ; Bl. Schn. p. 34. 



Blepharis Indicus, Cuv. and Val. ix, p. 154 ; Tern, and Schleg. Fauna, Japon. Poiss. p. 113, pi. 60, f. 2 ; 

 Cuv. Reg. Anim. 111. Poissons, pi. 58, f. 3 ; Richards. Ich. China, p. 271. 



Blepharis fasciatus, Riipp. Atl. Fische, p. 129, t. 33, f. 2. 



Carangoides blepharis, Bleeker, Makr. p. 67. 



Caranx ciliaris, Giinther, Catal. ii, p. 454 ; Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 90 ; Klunz. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 

 1871, p. 454. 



B. vii, D. 6 | Jg, P. 18, V. 1/5, A. 2 | T V, C. 19, L. 1. 15. 



