FAMILY, XVI— CARANGID^E. 239 



Equula caballa, Cuv. and Val. x, p. 73 ; Riipp. N. W. Fische, p. 51 ; Cantor, Catal. p. 146 ; Jerdon, 

 M. J. L. and Sc. 1851, p. 138 ; Giinther, Catal. ii, p. 499 ; ? Klunz. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 467. 



Equula edentula, Giinther, Catal. ii, p. 498 ; Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 103 ; Kner, Novara Fische, p. 166 : 

 Klunz. Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 467. 



Equula ruconius, Day, P. Z, S. 1869, p. 302 (not H. B.). 



Leiognathus eclentulus, Bleeker, Arou, 1873, p. 3. 

 . Tanka chandee, Ooriah : Nga-hpee-ma, Burni. 



B. v, D. T^, P. 20, V 1/5, A. ft, C. 17, L. 1. 60. 



Length of head 1/4, of caudal 1/4, height of body 1/2 to two and a fourth of the total length. Eyes — 

 diameter 1/3 of length of head, about 1 diameter from end of snout, and also apart. Dorsal profile rather more 

 convex than that of the abdomen : snout obtuse. Interorbital cavity anteriorly rather wide, not quite twice as 

 long as broad. A pair of small spines at the anterior-superior angle of the orbits : the distance between the 

 outer edges of the spines on the orbits in the young equal 2/5 of the length of the head, in the adult 1/3 of the 

 same distance : supraorbital edge minutely serrated. The maxilla reaches to below the front edge of the eye. 

 Lower edge of preopercle very finely serrated. Mandible very concave. Teeth — fine. Fins — dorsal spines 

 moderately strong, the second is arched, compressed, and nearly equal to 3/4 the length of the head, or 1/6 of 

 the total length : the third and fourth spines anteriorly serrated in their lower portions. Pectoral as long as the 

 head excluding the snout. Ventral nearly, or in the young quite, reaches to the anal. The length of the second 

 anal spine equals that of the head behind the middle of the eyes, or even a little more, the third spine is rather 

 strongly serrated anteriorly in its lower half. Scales — small, but distinct, except on the chest or breast, and to 

 a little above the base of the pectoral fin, in which localities they are absent or indistinct :* a large scale at the 

 base of the ventral fin. Lateral-line — in about 60 tubes, it first curves upwards, its highest point being below the 

 third dorsal spine, then it arches to below the end of the dorsal fin. Free portion of the tail about as long as 

 high. Colours — silvery, grayish along the lateral-line : fine vertical lines from the back down the sides : the soft 

 dorsal stained with gray on its upper edge : base of pectoral stained gray, 



Large specimens, as at 8 inches in length, have the height of the body If of the total length, the eye is 

 2/7 of the length of the head, and lj diameters from the end of snout. In one specimen the second dorsal spine 

 is 1/4 longer than the head. It is termed Sooroohoo nam hare, Tam. Jerdon, I. c. 



Habitat. — Red Sea, seas of India to the Malay Archipelago and beyond : attaining 10 inches and more in 

 length : it ascends rivers far above tidal reach, but only apparently whilst young. 



2. Equula Dussumieri, Plate LII, fig. 2. 



Cuv. and Val. x, p. 77, pi. 283 ; Cuv. Reg. An. Bl. Poiss. pi. 62, f. 1 ; Swainson, Fishes, ii, p. 250 : 

 Jerdon, M. J. L. and Sc. 1851, p. 138 ; Giinther, Catal. ii, p. 500. 



B. v, D. ft, P. 21, V. 1/5, A. t^, C. 17, L. 1. 65. 



Length of head 4J-, of caudal 4^, height of body 2£ in the total length. Eyes — diameter 2/5 of length of 

 head, 3/4 of a diameter from end of snout, and 1 apart. Dorsal and abdominal profiles equally convex. 

 Interorbital cavity anteriorly rather broad, and not twice as long as wide. A pair of small spines at the 

 anterior-superior angle of the orbit. The distance between the two outer spines is 2f in the length of the head. 

 Orbital margin not serrated. The maxUla reaches to below the first third of the eye. Mandibles inferiorly slightly 

 concave. Lower margin of preopercle rather strongly serrated. Teeth — fine, and in several rows in both jaws. 

 Fins — the second dorsal spine almost straight and as long as the head excluding the snout, or 1/5 of the total 

 length, the third nearly as long, the front edge of both third and fourth spines serrated in their lower 

 portion. Pectoral as long as the head excluding ohe snout. Ventral does not quite reach the anal. Second 

 anal spine rather weak, it equals the length of the head behind the first third or middle of the eye,f third anal 

 spine a little shorter than the second and serrated anteriorly. Caudal forked. Scales — small but distinct, 

 except on the breast and chest, which are scaleless. A moderately strong scale at the base of the ventral. 

 Lateral-line — in tubes which anteriorly are distinct, but posteriorly run into one another. Colours — silvery, 

 no black spot on dorsal fin : base of pectoral dark, sometimes black. Dark and narrow vertical lines pass from 

 the back over the lateral-line. 



Termed Veri hare, Tamil. Jerdon, I. c. 



Habitat. — Seas of India to the Malay Archipelago ; attaining at least 8 inches in length. 



3. Equula splendens, Plate LII, fig. 3. 



Zeus goomorah harah, Russell, Fish. Vizag. i, p. 48, pi. 61. 



Equula splendens, Cuv. Reg. Anim. ; Cantor, Catal. p. 149 ; Jerdon, M. J. L. and Sc. 1851, p. 138 ; 

 Kner, Novara Fische, p. 168 ; Peters, Mon. Akad. Berlin, 1868, p. 262 ; Day, Fish. Malabar, p. 104 ; Klunz. 

 Verh. z. b. Ges. Wien, 1871, p. 467. 



* Russell's figure, pi. 63, termed Equula coma. C. V. is a Oazza. Russell distinctly remarks " The teeth larger than in the 

 former (E. caballa=E. edentula) and somewhat curved." 

 ■f In a specimen 5\ inches long. 



