40 REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES. 
distinct metatarsals.” These membral and cranial features are 
illustrated by several figures drawn by Prof. Morse. 
Part III treats briefly of the geographical distribution of the 
species. The penguins are not only confined to the southern 
hemisphere, but range northward only to latitudes 10° south on the 
Pacific coast of South America and to 8° south on the Atlantic 
coast of the same continent; on the African coast only to 25° 
south and occur only much further to the southward on the coast 
of Australia. The Falkland Islands appear to be the geograph- 
ical centre of the family, where no less than half the species 
occur. They range southward, however, as far towards the pole 
as voyagers have yet penetrated. The species have usually a 
wide range, several of them being circumpolar; of none does the 
exact range of periodical movements or migrations appear to be 
known. In general they assemble in immense numbers at their 
breeding stations where they commonly remain for but a short 
portion of the year. 
Part IV gives a list of the species, with their synonymy, and 
Latin diagnoses. The specimens examined are enumerated, and 
generally each is described more or less in detail, with special 
reference to an elucidation of the various stages of plumage each 
species presents. As we have already indicated, only twelve 
Species are recognized, as follows :— Aptenodytes Patagonica, A. 
longirostris, Pygocelis teniata, P. adelie, P. antarctica, P. antipodes, 
Eudyptes catarractes, E. chrysocome, E. chrysolopha, E. diademata, 
Spheniscus minor, S. demersus, S. demersus var. Magellanicus. 
This elaborate memoir constitutes a valuable supplement to Prof. 
_ Hyatť’s recent catalogues of the Spheniscidæ,* and must form for 
many years a standard work of reference for the group. Besides 
elucidating the complicated generic and specific synonymy of the 
family, it is a valuable contribution to our knowledge of the oste- 
_ ology of the penguins, and to their geographical distribution and 
_ changes of plumage during the period of adolescence.—J. A. A. 
Dusors’ Conspecrus.t— Lists of European birds seem destined 
to occur at frequent irregular intervals, and perhaps we cannot have 
too many of them, at any rate so long as they continue to agitate 
the subject by their notable mutual disagreements, and thus serve 
4 See ‘Amer. Nat. Vol. VI, pp. 472, 545 
s 
onspectus systematicus et geographicns Avium Europæarum; auctore ALPH, 
UBOIS, etc., ete., Bruxelles, 1870. (8vo. pp. 35.) 
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