° 
- Me. W. T. Blanford, of the Geological Survey of India, who accom- 
346 THE GEOLOGICAL MAP OF THE WORLD. 
has published at Stockholm a ‘Sketch of the Geology of Spitz- 
bergen,” where he recognizes the crystalline rocks, the Palæozoic, 
Carboniferous, Triassic, Jurassic and Tertiary. But the most un- 
expected discoveries, in latitudes so high, are those of terrestrial 
floras, dating at the miocene tertiary epoch, when, according to 
Professor O. Heer, all the northern polar region was covered with 
a vegetation analogous to that which to-day exists in the south- 
ern part of the temperate region of the northern hemisphere. 
The geological survey of the kingdom of Norway directed by 
Prof. Kjerulf, besides some important modifications in the geo- 
graphical distribution of rocks of the southern part of this country, 
has discovered a coal field of great interest from its geographical 
position, in one of the isles of the group of Loffoden, the island 
of Andö, as well as its geological age, which dates from the Juras- 
sic epoch, as the coal bed of the coast of Yorkshire. 
The great geological map of the entire Austro-Hungarian mon- 
archy, published by M. F. R. von Hauer, has enabled us to rectify 
and to give more precision to the geology of the Eastern Alps, of 
Carpathia, of Dalmatia and Hungary. General Helmersen pub- 
lished at St. Petersburg, in 1863, a new edition of the geological 
map of Russia, based on that of Messrs. Murchison, Verneuil and 
Keyserling. But the most important modifications have been 
made in Russian geology by the researches of Messrs. Ludwig, 
Barbot de Marny, V. de Méller and Wagner, who have demon- 
strated the existence of an enormous Triassic formation, extend- 
ing over a considerable extent of country, and which had been 
confounded and comprised by Sir Roderick Murchison and his 
collaborators with the Zechstein and Rothliegende, under the im- 
proper name of the Permian system. This question of the Rus- 
sian “Dyas and Trias,” raised by me in 1859, has received a defi- 
nite and entire solution in the sense of my views, in the important 
work “ Dyas” by Dr. H. B. Geinitz, Leipzig, 1862, and in “The 
Geological Map of the Western Slope of the Ural” by Valérien de 
Moller, St. Petersburg, 1869. 
The geology of Egypt and Palestine has been especially modified 
by the researches of my friend Dr. Oscar Fraas, who has kindly 
sent me besides his journey entitled “To the Orient,” a manuscript 
geological map of those regions. The English military expedition 
to Abyssinia has been of the greatest advantage to geology, and 
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