ae Tae eae ee oc ae 
REVIEWS AND BOOK NOTICES. 413 
To the Scandinavian naturalists (particularly Professor M. 
Sars and his son G. O. Sars beginning with 1850) however, we 
owe the impetus, which led American and English naturalists to 
dredge at great depths. Prof. Lovén, however, in 1863, referring 
to the result of the Swedish Spitzbergen expedition of 1861, when 
mollusca, crustacea and hydrozoa were brought up from a depth of 
fourteen hundred fathoms, expresses the remarkable opinion which 
later investigations appear generally to support, that at great 
depths, wherever the bottom is suitable, ‘‘a fauna of the same 
: general character extends from pole to pole through all degrees of 
latitude, some of the species of the fauna being very widely dis- 
tributed.” We reproduce (thanks to the publishers) a figure (106) 
of the dredge with hempen tangles attached, a most valuable 
Fig. 112. 
Pourtalesia Jeffreysii. 
means of fishing up animals such as starfishes, echini and sponges, 
which the dredge fails to obtain entire or in sufficient numbers. 
The exceedingly interesting and able discussion of the origin 
and relations of the Gulf Stream we must pass over. Our author, 
however, dissents emphatically from the well known views of his 
Colleague, Dr. Carpenter, on these points. In the account of the 
deep-sea fauna the Bathybius Heckelii (Fig. 107), which created 
So much excitement at the time of its discovery, of course is first 
noticed. Thompson thus speaks of it, “If this have a claim to be 
recognized as a distinct living entity exhibiting its mature and 
final form, it must be referred to the simplest division of the shell- 
less Rhizopoda, or if we adopt the class proposed by Professor 
Heckel, to the Monera. The circumstance which gives its special 
Interest to Bathybius is its enormous extent; whether it be con- 
tinuous in one vast sheet, or broken up into circumscribed indi- 
vidual particles, it appears to extend over a large part of the bed 
