tes. 
SES eT AG A EE RE E 
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A eee ae Ee a eR ee ee 
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INJURIOUS AND BENEFICIAL INSECTS. 529 
with a gelatinous fluid; change into pupæ, and soon afterwards 
into beetles.” 
In the autumn at the approach of cold it descends to a con- 
siderable depth below the surface to avoid the frost, probably 
about two feet below the usual depth at which the ground is fro- 
zen in the winter. At the approach of warm weather, however, 
it makes its way up near the surface, where it forms a slight cell 
by wriggling about, and then passes into the pupa state. It is 
said to sometimes pupate and appear in the winged state in the 
autumn. i 
As to remedies against this grub, the careful gardener will in 
the first place destroy all those that he sees by crushing them to 
death. When the manure is spread over the strawberry bed he 
must watch it narrowly for the grubs so easily seen, and kill them. 
‘hen a vine is seen to die down suddenly in summer he must 
then dig around the roots and search for them, and go over the 
bed carefully, even if help has to be employed. It is better to 
spend even much time and money for two or three years in suc- 
cession, in endeavoring to exterminate these grubs, than to yield 
passively to the scourge. The remarks of Mr. Lockwood that we 
reprint in our account of the goldsmith beetle are eminently prac- 
tical as applied to this insect. As for special remedies, we have 
none to propose. Watchfulness and care in culture are better 
than any special nostrums. 
Undoubtedly the natural enemies of this grub are many, but 
we have no observations bearing on this point. A fungus attacks 
the grubs in certain seasons, often in considerable numbers. We 
have received specimens from Missouri of dead and dried grubs, 
With a long stem growing out from them, the result of the attacks 
of this fungus. It has been figured by Mr. Riley, who states that 
another fungus attacks this worm in Virginia. It is well known 
that Caterpillars and even the common house-fly are sometimes 
attacked by a fungus which replaces the animal portion with its 
own vegetable substance. 
While many animals, such as skunks, moles, crows, ete., prey 
on the beetles, the only insect enemy I have personally observed 
is the fierce carnivorous Calosoma beetle (C. calidum) which I 
have noticed on a blueberry bush busily engaged in tearing open 
the hard, horny sides of one of these beetles, which was in vain 
AMER. NATURALIST, VOL. VII. 34 
