1879. | Grief in the Chimpanzee. M 
the canines as prehensile and lacerating organs, and that its 
insertion has advanced from behind forwards in the history of 
carnivorous types. Thus it is that the only accessible molars, 
the fourth above and the fifth below, have become specialized as 
sectorials, while the fifth, sixth, and seventh have, firstly, remained 
tubercular as in the dogs, or, secondly, have been lost, as in hy- 
ænas and cats. 
10! 
GRIEF IN THE CHIMPANZEE. 
BY ARTHUR E. BROWN. 
OME months ago I called attention in the “Notes” of the 
NATURALIST to several evidences of a high degree of mental 
power on the part of the chimpanzee. One of the pair which, at 
that time, was in the Philadelphia Zoological Garden, has since 
died, and the behavior of the surviving one on that occasion ap- 
pears to me to bear somewhat on the acquired nature of the physi- 
cal means by which our strongly excited emotions find relief, as 
well as on the origin of those emotions themselves. 
Among the lower animals, with the exception of some domes- 
ticated varieties, any striking display of grief at the death or 
Separation from an animal to the companionship of which they 
had been accustomed, has rarely been observed, and although a 
few statements of such occurences have been made by different 
authorities, it is probable that the feeling of individual association, 
or friendship—if the term may be so used—partakes too muc 
of an abstract nature to be sufficiently developed in them to re- 
tain much of a place in memory when the immediate association 
be once past. This would seem to be the case even in one of the 
Strongest of animal attachments—the maternal instinct—in which 
the direct presence of the offspring, acting as a stimulus, calls forth 
the emotion of the mother, which, strongly rooted as it appears 
to be, contains much of a reflex nature and ceases on the disap- 
pearance of its cause. And here let it be said, that although the 
instinct of maternity and the sentiment of friendship perhaps 
differ widely in their origin, yet in their manifestations they are 
so nearly alike that the reverse feelings excited by any violence 
done to them, need not and probably do not differ much in kind. 
With the chimpanzee, the evidences of a certain degree of genu- 
ine grief were well marked. The two animals had lived together 
VOL. X1II,—No, III, 12 
