174 Grief in the Chimpanzee. | March, 
for many months, and were much attached to each other; they 
were seldom apart and generally had their arms about each 
other’s neck; they never quarreled, even over a pretended display 
of partiality by their keeper in feeding them, and if occasion re- 
quired one to be handled with any degree of force, the other was 
always prepared to do battle in its behalf on the first cry of fright. 
After the death of the female, which took place early in the morn- 
ing, the remaining one made many attempts to rouse her, and 
when he found this to be impossible his rage and grief were pain- 
ful to witness. Tearing the hair, or rather snatching at the short 
hair on his head, was always one of his common expressions of 
extreme anger, and was now largely indulged in, but the ordinary 
yell of rage which he set up at first, finally changed to a cry which 
the keeper of the animals assures me he had never heard before, 
and which would be most nearly represented by hah-ah-ah-ah- 
ah, uttered somewhat under the breath, and witha plaintive sound 
like a moan. With this he made repeated efforts to arouse her, 
lifting up her head and hands, pushing her violently and rolling 
her over. After her body was removed from the cage—a pro- 
ceeding which he violently opposed—he became more quiet, and 
remained so as long as his keeper was with him, but catching 
sight of the body once when the door was opened and again 
when it was carried past the front of the cage, he became violent, 
and cried for the rest of the day. The day following, he sat still 
most of the time and moaned continuously—this gradually passed 
away, however, and from that time he has only manifested a sense 
of a change in his surroundings by a more devoted attachment to 
his keeper, and a longer fit of anger when he leaves him. On 
these occasions it is curious to observe that the plaintive cry first 
heard when the female died, is frequently, though not always 
made use of, and when present, is heard towards the close of the 
fit of anger. It may well be that this sound having been special- 
ized as a note of grief, and in this case never having previously 
been called into use by the occurrence of its proper emotion, now 
finds expression on the return of even the lesser degree .of the 
same feeling given rise to by the absence of his keeper, and fol- 
lows the first outbreak of rage in the same manner as the sobbing 
of a child is the natural sequence of a passionate fit of crying. 
It may be noted too, that as his attachment to his keeper is evi- 
dently stronger than when there was another to divide with him 
