1879. | | : Botany. 259 
with their tastes so different from those of other flower-frequent- 
ing insects, have become separated as independent selectors of 
flowers ; and, through structural peculiarities enabling them to 
utilize certain modifications of the flowers, the butterflies, ichneu- 
mon flies, mining-wasps, wasps, bees, and syrphus-flies have like- 
wise become separated. 
4. The carrion-loving Diptera have bred flowers distasteful to 
other insects (Ekelblumen). Natural selection, coming to their 
aid, has produced various contrivances for securing cross-fertiliza- 
tion, such as kettle-traps (Kesselfallen) (Aristolochia clematidis, 
&c.), pinching-traps (Klemmenfallen) (Asclepias, Pinguicula 
alpina, &c.) and deceptive-flowers (Tauschblumen) (Ophrys mus- 
cifera.) 
Lenger tongued, more intelligent, and more dexterous in- 
sects have gradually been developed from those remaining, whic 
differed from the Diptera, but agreed among themselves in their 
tastes. These insects have selected nectar, which less intelligent 
or shorter tongued insects could not find or reach, and also recep- 
tacles and shelter for the nectar, and marks guiding to it. 
6. From this circle the butterflies were adapted by their slender 
tongues, and certain moths by their long tongues, to appear 
as independent selectors of flowers. The former have selected 
escaped the notice of other insects. But after the appearance of 
the mining-wasps and bees, the ichneumon flies could retain 
their flowers only in places little frequented by these insects. 
_ 8. The mining-wasps probably superseded the ichneumon-flies 
as flower selectors, and selected those whose nectar was accessible 
only by forcing open closely appressed parts, creeping bodily into 
a Cavity, or some similar action, easy only to insects accustomed 
to burrowing, or creeping into crevices. Later, however, bees 
came into partial possession of these flowers, and they further | 
modified many of them. 
9. Wasps were able by the power of their sting to secure sole 
possession of certain flowers which contained neċtar and still 
remained open. These they selected in conformity with their 
