452 General Notes. [July, 
well expressed in the terms Hydrophile (water-loving), Ane- 
mophile (wind-loving), and Zoidiophile (animal-loving), often 
applied to the different groups of Phanogams, according to 
the agency by which they are fertilized. Of the Hydrophile 
cur common Vallisneria spiralis may serve as an example. 
The Anemophile may be subdivided into <Archisperme and 
Metasperme, represented respectively by the pine and the 
oak, the former possessing naked ovules and winged pollen- © 
grains, the latter, ovules enclosed in a pistil and wingless pollen; 
and, as indicated by the names, there is much reason to believe 
that the former represent an earlier stage in the development of 
plants than the latter. The Zoidiophile are divided into three 
groups, Malacophile, fertilized by snails, Extomophile, fertilized by 
insects, and Ornithophile, fertilized by birds. The first and last 
are represented by comparatively few species, by far the greatest 
number being entomophilous. 
he writer gives a brief but clear account of cleistogamy and 
heterogymy, which Mr. Darwin has so well treated in his work 
on Different Forms of Flowers in Plants of the same Species, 
and gives many illustrations of the adaptation of certain flowers 
to the visits of certain groups of insects, as -outlined in the 
Naturatist for April, and of the various contrivances by which 
insects are enabled to obtain food from flowers of different forms. 
One of the most interesting of these is that of a Brazilian species 
which the tongue is provided would contaminate the nectar 0 
the next flower visited, or at least destroy its proper taste. To 
avoid this difficulty the tongue of the higher bees is provided 
with a capillary tube in place of the chitinous rod found in that of 
the lower bees, and this communicates at its base with the taste 
organs, and opens into a spoon-shaped enlargement at the distal 
end of the tongue. On visiting a flower the bee thrusts this 
spoon-shaped organ into the nectar, and a portion immediately 
rises through the tube by capillary attraction, but if not of pleas- 
ing taste it is readily expelled before any has become entangled 
in the hairs surrounding the tongue. oe 
e paper is, throughout, one of exceeding interest, and it 15 
to be wished that every student of biology, and especially every 
. 
young student, might read it— Wm. Trelease. 
CAL News.—In the Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical | a 
BOTAN — 
_ Club for April, C. F. Austin, in notes on Hepaticology, describes | 
