512 The Geological Museum of the School of Mines, Etc. [August, 
oak, hickory, conifers, etc., together with others that now grow far 
to the southward, as the palm, magnolia, cinnamon, and fig. Many 
of these fossil leaves are of double value, as they are the type- 
specimens from which Prof. Newberry has described and figured 
this wonderful flora, rich both in species and individuals. When 
we inquire what animals lived in these luxuriant forests, a vast 
menagerie of strange forms passes before us. We can do no more 
than call a hasty muster-roll of names. Our country was then 
inhabited by great numbers of animals more or less related 
to our modern horse, tapir, wolf, panther, stag, musk, rhinoce- 
ros, camel, llama, etc. Besides these there were a large num- 
ber whose modern representatives are not so well known,—as 
the Oreodon, Menodus, Uintatherium, Hyenodon, and many others. 
This is but a meager list of the great number of Tertiary ani- 
mals that have been discovered, but sufficient to show that 
a far richer and more wonderful assemblage of animals inhabited 
our land at that time than can now be found living on any 
continent ; not even the jungles of India can produce such an 
array of gigantic pachyderms and carnivores as then lived in 
this country. 
Again we are obliged to add, as with all the preceding ages, 
that both the luxuriant forests and these thousands of strange 
animals have become extinct, never again to appear on the earth. 
Dana remarks that “all the fishes, birds, reptiles and mammals 
of the Tertiary are extinct species.” 
As we are writing sober facts and not attempting to trace an 
Arabian tale, we should hesitate to speak of the times that follow 
the Tertiary, so strange and wonderful are they, did we not have 
in the collection before us the unquestionable facts engraved upon 
tables of stone. As the climate of the Middle States in former 
ages extended to Greenland, so, on the other hand, tacie came a 
time, after all the fair picture of Tertiary days was 
when the present climate of Greenland, with vast snow-fields and 
continental glaciers, reached as far southward as New York and 
Cincinnati ;—a time when glaciers many thousands of feet in 
thickness moved southward over our Northern States, grinding 
down the country and exterminating nearly every form of life that 
before had found there a congenial home. This collection con- 
tains a large number of specimens of the boulders, the boulder- 
clay, and the polished and scratched surfaces, that the glaciers 
o i behind them. 
