560 The Formation of Cape Cod. [September, 
dred feet of sand with occasional gravelly layers. Four to eight 
rods farther south the clay rises ten feet higher, but at four hun- 
dred-feet south and at one hundred feet north its top is only 
twenty feet above the sea. The bed of shelly gravel thins out at 
three or four rods on each side. Species found here are a Bal- 
anus, Neptunea pygm@a Adams, Tritia trivittata Adams, Lunatia 
heros Adams, Turritella erosa Couthouy, a Mya hinge, Ceronia 
deaurata Gould, Mactra solidissima Chem., Cardium islandicum 
L., Cyclocardia borealis Conrad, Astarte undata Gould, and Pecten 
islandicus Chem. A peaty or lignitic layer, about a half inch 
thick and extending five feet, was noticed at one place in white 
sand, three inches above this shelly gravel. A third of a mile 
north from the head of Pamet river, the bank is about one hun- 
dred and twenty-five feet high, consisting of sand with occasional 
thin layers of gravel, and containing fragments of shells to a 
height at least sixty feet above the sea. Among these Ceronia 
deaurata and Pecten islandicus were recognized. About a mile 
and a half farther north, or one mile south from Highland Light, 
the bluffs reach their greatest height, and here worn shell frag- 
ments were again found at two localities, a third of a mile apart, 
occurring in gravelly sand from near sea-level to at least one 
hundred feet above it. These include Balanus species, Neptunea 
pygmea, Aporrhais occidentalis Sowerby, Acmæa testudinalis 
-Forbes and Hanley, Ceronia deaurata, Cardium islandicum, Cy- 
clocardia borealis, Astarte undata and A. castanea Say, Pecten 
tslandicus and an Anomia. Lignite was observed at the most 
northern of these localities thirty to forty feet above the sea, in 
several layers an inch or less in thickness and at least four or five 
feet in extent. At about the same height the sand and fine gravel 
here contains clay boulders' or pieces of dark sandy clay of 
irregular shape, and varying in size from three or four inches to 
two feet long. These are changed to a brown color for a depth 
of a half inch from the outside, due to oxidation of their iron. 
We have already seen that the unstratified character of por- 
tions of the terminal moraines, and the channels upon the plains 
that lie south of them, indicate that in this latitude, during the 
period when these beds were deposited, the sea stood somewhat 
1 Also found in the modified drift of Long Island, as described by Mr. Elias 
Lewis, Jr., in Popular Science Monthly, Vol. 11, p. 634, and in North-western Ohio, 
ae bv according to Prof. N. H, Winchell, did, Vol. 111, p. 202. 
