18709. | Made their Implements. 669 
River Indians were without firearms. Up to that time the few 
settlers who reside about the base of Mount Shasta made it a 
rule to permit no Wintoon to carryagun. As there are no 
agricultural lands and no mines on the Cloud river, the Wintoons 
were left in almost undisputed possession of their prolific hunting 
grounds and to the inexhaustible supplies of salmon and trout 
with which that river abounds, The Wintoons had but little con- 
tact with Americans until after Mr. Livingston Stone established 
a station on the river for the taking of salmon eggs for distribu- 
tion by the U. S. Government. Very few of these Indians as yet 
have guns, their principal reliance in the chase being upon their 
primitive but powerful bow and arrows. The arrow maker is still 
aman of great importance in the tribe. 
While visiting the United States Fishery a few days since I 
expressed a wish to Deputy U. S. Fish Commissioner Livingston 
Stone, who has acquired a knowledge of the Wintoon language, 
that one of the best arrowhead makers of the tribe should make, 
in my presence, a stone arrowhead, using only such tools and 
implements for the purpose as were in use by the Indians before 
their contact with white men. These people are only now 
emerging from the stone age, and a record of their manufacture 
of stone implements may give an illustration of the methods pur- 
sued by our ancestors in the palzolithic age, ten or twelve or 
more thousand of years ago, when they lived upon the products of 
the chase of the fossil deer, the aurochs and the cave bear. 
- Promptly at 3 o’clock came Consolulu, an old man between 
sixty-eight and seventy-two years of age, gray haired but erect 
and vigorous. He had been for many years chief of the tribe, 
and was elected chief when a young man, because alone and 
unaided he had killed a grizzly bear with his bow. He brought, 
tied up in a deer skin, a piece of obsidian weighing about a 
pound, a fragment of a deer horn split from a prong lengthwise, 
about four inches in length and half an inch in diameter, and 
ground off squarely at the ends—this left each end a semicircle, 
besides two deer prongs (Cariacus columbianus) with the points 
ground down into the shape of a square sharp-pointed file, one of 
these being much smaller than the other. He had also some pieces 
of iron wire tied to wooden handles and ground into the same 
shapes, These, he explained, he used in preference to the deer | 
-~ prongs, since white men came to the country, because they were 
