738 Archeology of the Champlain Valley. (December, 
that use, and many specimens of celts, ungrooved axes and the 
like may have served a good purpose as spades or hoes. Some 
of the specimens found in Vermont, which from their form would 
be classed as celts, are of soft material and of a character such as 
to render it very probable that they were used for digging rather 
than cutting. If this be so, agricultural implements may be more 
abundant than has been supposed. All the ordinary varieties of 
axes and hatchets have been found about Lake Champlain, by far 
the most abundant being celts, or ungrooved axes, and because 
of their great diversity in size and form, I am led to believe that 
these implements may have served many different purposes. 
Indeed it would not seem very improbable that the same imple- 
ment may have served at one time as a tomahawk, at another as 
an axe or chisel; or, with a different handle, even as a spade or hoe. 
Forming a sort of connecting link between the celt and the grooved 
axe is the notched axe. Most of the specimens of this class are 
small, but a few quite large ones have been found; most of them 
are rather rude and of coarse material. Grooved axes are not 
common, though some few very fine specimens have been found, 
but I have seen none that would compare favorably with the 
finest Western specimens either in size or elegance of form. The 
largest which I have seen is nine inches long and four and 
a-half inches wide, but most of the grooved axes are much 
smaller. Such specimens of axes as have been collected have 
been obtained, one here and one there, singly, nowhere in such 
groups as some collectors describe. I presume that all the 
grooved axes ever found in the Champlain valley, unless many 
were destroyed before collectors began to save them, would 
not amount to so large a number as Dr. Abbott mentions from 
a single small excavation made in digging a cellar in Trenton, N.J. 
Hatchets, chiefly of flint, are found, some of them with very 
sharp edges and regular form. One very unique specimen of 
axe, if such it is, should be mentioned here. It is in the posses- 
sion of Mr. W. W. Culver, of White River Junction, and was found 
near that place ; its form is that of a letter L, somewhat like one 
figured by Evans! which was found in England, but the Vermont 
specimen is much larger. It is shown about one-fourth natural 
size in Fig. 6. The longer arm is seven and a-half inches and 
_ the shorter four and three-quarters inches long, and both are 
1 Rude Stone Implements, p. 124, figure 82. 
