750 The Origin of the Domestic Animals. [December, 
neously, associated with a totally new civilization which arrived 
simultaneously. They were, then, imported, like the civilization 
which they accompanied. They were not, therefore, domesticated 
there as indigenous products, but foreign products introduced 
into the country by new arrivals, by invaders. 
This general proof of the non-indigenous domestication is cor- 
roborated by the study of details. If, at the quaternary epoch, 
the horse, the ox, the goat were ancestral representatives in all 
France, it was not so with the sheep. In our quaternary deposits 
it has only occurred on the Mediterranean shore. It has been 
found in Hérault; it is abundant at Menton. This is evidently 
the northern limit of its habitat, and consequently this cannot be 
its place of domestication. 
The fact is still more explicit as regards the pig. In the 
Robenhausian, or polished-stone epoch. we have recognized two 
species of domestic pigs in France, in Switzerland and in Italy. 
To the ordinary pig which originated from the wild boar, an 
animal abundant in our quaternary deposits, may be added the 
turf pig, very different, which has no other ancestor in the 
countries which I have just named. To learn where the domestic 
animals have come from, we should take into account the geo- 
graphical area of their savage ancestral types. At the quaternary 
epoch the wild horse, identical with the domestic horse, was 
extremely abundant, not only in Western Europe but also in 
Asia Minor, on both slopes of the Caucasus and over all the 
basin of the Caspian sea. It extends still farther to the east. 
Its area of habitation traversed Europe and Asia. 
The wild quaternary ox had a habitat a little less extended 
than the horse; nevertheless, like the latter, it extended from our 
region very far into Western Asia. Without speaking of the 
species with the hump, like the aurochs, there were two types of 
true oxen, the urus, of very great size, and another ox of much 
less size. Our domestic oxen certainly originated from one of 
these two types, perhaps from both. 
The domestic goat may likewise have been derived from the 
bouquetin of the Alps and of Spain, as also from the égagve, the 
bouquetin of Crete, of Southern Caucasus, of Armenia and of 
Persia. Bouquetins and égagres breed spontaneously with the | 
goat and produce very readily fertile hybrids, which proves that 
_ there exists between them strong bonds of parentage. : 
