1880. ] A Review of the Modern Doctrine of Evolution. 261 
movement; of course then if movement modify structure, the 
latter is influenced by conscjousness. The word consciousness 
was then, and is now, used in its simplest sense, viz: as synony- 
mous with physical sensibility. Its lowest and most usual exhi- 
bition is the sense of touch; the special senses, taste, sight, etc., 
are higher forms, while thoughts and desires are organized pro- 
ducts of the same raw material. Consciousness cannot be 
denied to many of the inferior animals; indeed, if we grant it 
to any, we must admit that it is displayed at times by even 
the lowest Frotozoén. That these humble creatures should 
possess it, is apparently quite as probable as that the very similar - 
bioplasts of the brain of man should be its seat. 
Consciousness alone is not a sufficient basis for the develop- 
ment of mind. For this, one more element is necessary, and 
that is, memory. Impressions made by the environment are reg- 
istered, and soon cease to be present in consciousness. Under the 
influence of association the impressions return to consciousness. 
Associations are those of place, of the order of time, and ot 
similarity or difference in various qualities, as size, color or any 
other physical features. Experiences of these qualities are to all 
conscious beings either painful, indifferent or pleasurable. When 
association requires, events, objects or characteristics, are returned 
to consciousness in the order in which they cohere most firmly 
in the mind, which may or may not be that in which they entered 
it. The liking for or dislike to the object, are equivalent to an 
a‘traction to or repulsion from it. Thus experience is begotten: 
as its material increases, new combinations are formed, new rela- 
tions observed, and in the highest types of mind, laws are discov- 
ered. No one can deny memory to animals; it is the medium of 
their education by man, and has been as well the means of their 
education by nature. Impressions cause a rearrangement of cer- 
tain elements of structure which give the form to consciousness — 
when it arises again. It is also probable that these arrangements 
are not the same as those which represent classifications and con- 
clusions, but that nevertheless the arrangement or organization of 
these is determined by the simpler arrangements caused by per- 
ceptive stimuli. Experience produces these combinations in te = 
bioplastic aggregations of all animals, be they in the form of gan- 
glia, brains, or less specialized forms. Nowhere in the human or- 
ganism are the effects of effort and use so strikingly witnessed as 
