1880.) A Review of the Modern Doctrine of Evolution. 263 
duction. The molar movements of the simplest animals are to 
enable them to escape the pains of hunger and celibacy. More- 
over there is reason why the movements of living beings display 
design. We all know the nature of habits; how they are per- 
formed unconsciously, and as automatically as digestion itself. But 
did any one ever know of a habit in an animal, whose origin he could 
trace, Which has been formed in unconsciousness? According to 
our knowledge, habits are always the result of stimuli which are 
constiously felt, and which cause by repetition or through reminis- 
cence a repetition of the resulting movement. After a sufficient 
number of repetitions such an act becomes a habit,z.¢.,is performed 
automatically, or without the intervention of effort, and frequently 
without consciousness. It thus becomes a part of the character. 
of the individual or species. This common phenomenon is 
explained by the hypothesis, that an organization of the centers 
controlling action is caused by the efforts of the animal under the 
stimulus, and that finally a machine is constructed which deter- 
mines the nature of the force expended, without further mental 
exertion of the individual. Such a process is education, and the 
result is an addition to the stock of faculties already on hand. 
Thus is explained the vast number of automatic and unconscious 
activities displayed by animals; to the same source, I believe, the 
common reflex acts may be traced; it even appears to me prob- 
able that the organic functions in general have had the same origin! 
While these latter have mostly long since passed beyond the con- 
trol of ‘the mind, portions of the urogenital functions still linger 
within the confines of its jurisdiction. Thus have consciousness 
and mind endowed living nature with useful functions ; and this, 
which may be called the Theory of Endowment, accounts for the 
element of design which is so puzzling when seen in unconscious. 
and reflex acts. 
As it has been maintained above, that structure is the effect of 
the control over matter exercised by mind, it is evident that the — 
evolution of mind must be directly followed by corresponding _ 
development of organism. The science of palzontology sub- — 
Stantiates this theory in a wonderful manner. But the animal 
mind being generaliy occupied with simple functions, its expres- 
sions in structure are usually nothing more than the progressive 
_ creation of improved instruments for obtaining food, E 
2 Consciousness i in Evolution. Penn MON aik is 
